Save students money Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Set aside understudies cash - Assignment Example The writer accepts that such a change, whenever realized would be conceivably lamentable as it would prompt printed course readings getting out of date. As I would like to think, such a change is horrible for understudies as utilizing digital books would be badly designed for them and for a few, would be progressively costly at that point buying reading material. The advocates of presentation of digital books as required perusing in schools and colleges incorporate the school authorities and some significant course reading organizations, for example, McGraw Hill and John Wiley and children, among others, as Jeffrey Young calls attention to in this article. These gatherings propose including a fixed required charge for each course in the education cost for giving the digital books to the understudies. A portion of the schools such the Daytona State College have just embraced this change while others like Indiana University are still in the trial stage. The school authorities accept th at digital books would be less expensive for the understudies, on the off chance that they are bought in mass by the school and gave to the understudies at a sponsored rate. In addition, the distributing business accepts that such a change would help in diminishing the paces of computerized theft. Subsequently, such a coordinated effort is thought to profit all gatherings, viz. the understudies, the universities and the distributing organizations.

Understand the Knowledge Management of Company HP

Questions: 1.List the information the board activities embraced by HP? 2.Explain the effect of receiving information the executives rehearses on HP's prosperity? 3.The contextual investigation showed that HP has utilized Lotus notes as an innovation vehicle to build up various information bases. Direct a short inquiry about Lotus notes and clarify how it is helpful in setting up an information base. What is the significance of having an information base in information the executives? 4.Why do you think the Training Review nevertook off? What could have Kamey done in orderto make it work? 5.What are the impetuses that Karney used to advance the information bases? What was the impact of those motivators? 6.Karney announced that there is a hazard with the information base. What was it and how could he propose to conquered it? 7.Why do you think the information the board with PPO clients activity didn't succeed? 8.The PPO information managementgroup is right now chipping away at three ventures. Rundown these 3 tasks, anticipate a few dangers that would confront the execution of these activities and how to conquer them from an information the executives viewpoint? Answers: 1. HP is known for its easygoing, open culture. All representatives, including the top administration and the staff work in a similar office condition. Most workers really acknowledge information the board and imparting their insights. The association is viewed as an open work environment and agreeable to the representatives, and improves their advancement for huge positive result. All colleagues look into an advantage partaking in the associations exercises. The association is moreover known for its decentralized definitive structure and technique for activities (Ash, 2008). Specialty units that perform well have a significant level of independence. There is insignificant sifted through sharing of information, resources, or laborers across over units. HP chiefs feel that decentralization of center business exercises is important to the associations achievement. It is typical for laborers to move beginning with one claim to fame unit then onto the following; this transportability makes possible some degree of easygoing data trade inside HP. Key structures for information the executives involves believes that the association has both inside aptitude of learning on data the board. At the corporate level, Schneider is using the workshops as one instrument to understand who needs this learning and how best to trade it. He also needs to get the workshop individuals required in a consistent data organization mastermind that offers best practices and trades creating learning 2. The improvement of information the board has some centrality on the executives of data frameworks. Accordingly, it involves e fundamental component for an association so as to ensure backing to business tasks (Du Plessis, 2007). The administration of information results into the board of basic business tasks to guarantee that it delineates key results and to relating to power. All things considered, it is important to guarantee that administration of information is progressed as a basic component for the endurance and backing of the business with accentuation on quality. What's more, information the executives is seen as a principal framework for arranging an association's tasks to acknowledge and make financial motivation for colleagues. 3. Information developments such Lotus gives a possibly important condition inside the business tasks. Data is increased through different hierarchical structures (Dul, Ceylan, and Jaspers, 2011). What's more, such business structures are viewed as effectively versatile to make data units. Generally, these are used in guaranteeing that the business exercises upgrade coherent information procurement, which should result into crucial data of the association (Blackler, 2005). As indicated by Byrne (2001) and significant viewpoint is the arrangement of essential data inside the association and having an elevated level of shared sensible information that can be gotten to by all colleagues (Bosua and Venkitachalam, 2013). In actuality, information the executives is a significant device that makes data to be shared by colleagues, particularly through electronic mail or through up close and personal discussion. 4. In case selective HP's burdens were kept to several months in 2011. For a long time now the association has a portion of the time had all the earmarks of being more like a modest reality show up than one of the world's mind blowing endeavors. Everyone brokenness started with the terrible infighting over HP's merger with Compaq in 2002, which accomplished its nadir when the association's unmistakable CEO, a board part and offspring of an association coordinator, for embarking to voice his limitation (Blackler, 2005). There was a board driven by battles so wild that a couple of boss were spilling riddles to the press while the official of the board was getting private inspectors to secure their phone records (and those of columnists) to uncover the offenders. 5. Singular compensation for-execution If the authorities are to be believed that data organization is just about the right gadgets then they would almost certainly continue with their superfluous compensation for-execution sorts of inspiring power systems. If the effort is impalpable and the prizes rely upon benefits just considering the way that advantages are observable, at that point what we get is a customary kind of riddle shows as the issue of multi-entrusting (Drucker, 2009). Advantages are a component of numerous factors, for instance, effort, commotion and data. If we look at a part of the components that make up the advantage work, attempts in getting the hang of sharing seem to have an incredibly questionable relationship with benefits. Of course, a variable, for instance, attempts towards one's own specific task has a progressively clear effect on benefits Group based compensation for execution rewards Regardless, as most gathering based spark systems this could incite the issue of free-riding. While free-riding on effort could, regardless, be controlled through notions of disrespect impelled by partners, free-riding on data sharing is difficult to control in such a system (Chan and Liebowitz, 2006). This is especially so since it is difficult to screen the KS attempts even by the colleagues. Now and again simply the person who is the holder understands that he/she is abandoning on their understanding. Along these lines inside loads of fault are critical to go with such prize structures. In all honesty estimations of fault should be accessible even in a structure that isn't considering a gathering based superfluous prizes. 6. All endeavors incorporate possibility; a zero danger adventure does not merit looking for after. Besides, as a result of programming task uniqueness, precariousness about unmistakable results will constantly go with programming improvement (Chang and Lee, 2007). While threats can't be ousted from programming headway, programming engineers rather, should make sense of how to administer them better. Peril Management and Planning requires affiliation experience, as it is earnestly engaged in both experience and data secured in past endeavors (Amayah, 2013). The greater experience of the endeavor manager improves his ability in perceiving risks, assessing their occasion likelihood and impact, and describing legitimate danger response mastermind. Along these lines peril data can't remain in an individual estimation, rather it must be made open for the affiliation that needs it to learn and improve its displays in standing up to risks (Desouza, 2011). In case this doesn't occur, broaden boss can unexpectedly go over past oversights basically in light of the fact that they don't have the foggiest idea or don't remember the mitigation exercises viably associated before or they can't envision the threats achieved by certain endeavor controls and characteristics (Cabrera and Cabrera, 2005). Chance learning must be packaged and taken care of after some time all through endeavor execution for future reuse. 7. Stages, for example, Lotus Notes are allowing offering supervisors a chance to draw in and scatter data. HP, for example, has molded a K.M and is building up a Web-based information the executives system. The gathering tries to create up a grouping of the executives with applications not only for P.P.O. in any case, for the association as a wholel (Baloh, Desouza, and Paquette 2011). Supervising learning in affiliations will provoke new issues even opposition by is viewed as antagonistic vibe toward information the board. All things considered, this can result into a free ordinary resources and poor work that might be drained; the last unfamiliar business great position is the data of people inside an association. 8. Perhaps the most drew in, genuine manner to manage KM is in the Product Processes Organization, which gives the association's item classes with the executives activities in territories, for example, purchasing, planning, grandstand information, change organization and environmental and security guiding (Badaracco, 2007). Item Processes has gotten numerous approaches to manage learning move previously, including inventories of chronicles, advanced and reexamined data relating to colleagues. Every one of these perspectives are viewed as a movement of colleagues and consistent chats on change organization focuses. As of late, there had been no proper obligation with respect to KM in Product Processes. Regardless, the administration molded a Knowledge Management Group. Its hidden agreement was to catch and use learning of the thing period plan in the diverse HP divisions. The group quickly developed a model of a Web-based data organization structure called Knowledge Links (Allee, 2007). It is basic substance is finding out about the thing period set up; the data may origina

You make all the difference

You make all the difference It’s been quite a year at Khan Academy! From the launch of our Khan Kids app for little learners and LearnStorm growing to cover three countriesâ€"the United States, Brazil, and Mexicoâ€"to the introduction of our new mastery learning features, we have made important strides toward providing a free, world-class education to everyone, everywhere. We couldn’t have done it without you. Thank you.Your support enables millions of people from all around the world to access the educational resources they need to reach their full potential, but there are many more learners we need to reach.       - 265 million children around the world lack access to school.       - 617 million lack basic math and literacy skills.*       - In the US, 60% of eighth grade students are not proficient in math.†       - Fewer than half of low-income four-year-olds are enrolled in a high quality  preschool.‡We know that Khan Academy can transform classrooms and lives. When students use Khan Academy for at least 30 minutes a week they are two times more likely than their non-Khan Academy-using peers to meet grade-level standards in math. § Data shows that using Khan Academys free Official SAT Prep for 20 hours is associated with an average score gain of 115 points.A great education is life changing, andâ€"since we’re a nonprofitâ€"your donations make all the difference. With your support, we’re able to hire teachers, engineers, and designers, cover rent, and pay for tech that brings Khan Academy to learners worldwide. And, we get to keep Khan Academy free. There’s still more work for us to do, and with your help we’ll get there. If you haven’t donated yet, please consider giving a little or a lot by visiting khanacademy.org/donate today. From all of usâ€"thank you! *UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and the Global Education Monitoring (GEM) 2016 report†U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Pro gress 2017‡“New Report Shows Greater Need for Access to High-Quality Preschool for America’s Children”, U.S. Department of Education

Nevada State College Admissions Costs, Aid More

Banning Corporal Punishment in Schools

What is corporal punishment? The National Association of School Nurses defines it as â€Å"the intentional infliction of physical pain as a method of changing behavior. It may include methods such as hitting, slapping, punching, kicking, pinching, shaking, use of various objects (paddles, belts, sticks, or others), or painful body postures. Still Legal in 22  States While corporal punishment such as paddling, spanking and hitting students disappeared from private schools by the 1960s, according to an article published by NPR in December 2016,  it is still permitted in public schools in 22  states, which can be broken down into 7 states that simply dont prohibit it and 15 states that expressly permit it. The following seven states still have laws on their books that do not prohibit corporal punishment: IdahoColoradoSouth DakotaKansasIndianaNew HampshireMaine The following 15 states expressly permit corporal punishment in schools: AlabamaArizonaArkansas  FloridaGeorgiaKentuckyLouisianaMississippiMissouriNorth CarolinaOklahomaSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasWyoming What is ironic about this situation is that no accredited teachers college in the U.S. advocates the use of corporal punishment. If they dont teach the use of corporal punishment in the classroom, why is the use of it still legal? The United States is the only nation in the western world which still permits corporal punishment in its schools. Canada banned corporal punishment in 2004. No European country permits corporal punishment. So far, the United States Congress has not acted on requests from organizations such as Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties Union to enact federal legislation banning corporal punishment. Since education is widely viewed as a local and state matter, any further banning of corporal punishment will probably have to occur at that level. If, on the other hand, the federal government were to withhold funding from states where corporal punishment is legal, the local authorities might be more inclined to pass the appropriate laws. Rationale for Corporal Punishment Corporal punishment in one form or another has been around schools for centuries. It certainly is not a new issue. In the Roman Family children learned by imitation and corporal punishment. Religion also plays a role in the history of disciplining children by spanking or hitting them. Many people interpret Proverbs 13:24 literally when it states: Spare the rod and spoil the child. Why Should Corporal Punishment Be Banned? Research has shown that corporal punishment in the classroom is not an effective practice, and can cause more harm than good. Research has also shown that more students of color and students with disabilities experience instances of corporal punishment more than their peers. The research shows that children who are beaten and abused are more likely to be prone to depression, low self-esteem and suicide. The simple fact that corporal punishment as a disciplinary measure is not part of any education curriculum indicates that educators at every level know that it has no place in the classroom. Discipline can and should be taught be example and non-physical consequences. Most leading professional associations oppose corporal punishment in all its forms.  Corporal punishment is not allowed in the military, mental institutions or prisons, either. I learned years ago about corporal punishment from a man who was an expert in the field. I co-founded a high school in Nassau, Bahamas in 1994. As deputy director of the school, one of the first issues I had to deal with was discipline. Dr. Elliston Rahming, the owner and director of the school, was a criminologist. He had very firm views about the subject: there would be no corporal punishment of any kind. We had to find better, more effective ways than beating to enforce discipline. In the Bahamas, beating children was, and still, is an accepted disciplinary method in the home and in the school. Our solution was to develop a Code of Discipline which basically penalized unacceptable behavior according to the severity of the infraction. Everything from dress code to drugs, weapons and sexual infractions was covered. Remediation and resolution, retraining and reprogramming were the goals. Yes, we did get to the point on two or three occasions where we actually did suspend and expel st udents. The biggest problem we faced was breaking the cycle of abuse. What Happens in Americas Private Schools? Most private schools frown on the use of corporal punishment. Most schools have found more enlightened and effective methods for dealing with disciplinary issues. Honor codes and clearly spelled out results for infractions combined with contract law give private schools an edge in dealing with discipline. Basically, if you do something seriously wrong, you will get suspended or expelled from school. You will have no recourse because you have no legal rights other than those in the contract which you signed with the school. Things Parents Can Do What can you do? Write the state education departments of the states which still permit corporal punishment. Let them know that you oppose its use. Write your legislators and urge them to make corporal punishment illegal. Blog about local incidents of corporal punishment whenever appropriate. Organizations Opposed to Corporal Punishment in Schools The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools and takes issue with laws in some states legalizing such corporal punishment and protecting adults who use it from prosecution for child abuse. The American School Counselor Association: ASCA seeks the elimination of corporal punishment in schools. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that corporal punishment in schools be abolished in all states by law and that alternative forms of student behavior management be used. The National Association of Secondary School Principals believes that the practice of corporal punishment in schools should be abolished and that principals should utilize alternative forms of discipline. The National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment and Alternatives (NCSCPA) tracks information about this subject and puts out updates. It also offers an interesting reading list and other materials. Interview With Jordan Riak Jordan Riak is the Executive Director of Project NoSpank, an organization which is dedicated to the eradication of corporal punishment in our schools. In this article, he responds to some of our questions regarding corporal punishment. How Prevalent is Corporal Punishment in Schools? With the exception of those who are directly affected, most people are unaware that in more than 20  states, teachers and school administrators have the legal right to physically batter pupils. Children are sent home with bruised buttocks daily in untold numbers. There is a downward trend in the number of paddlings annually, which is encouraging, but still a small comfort to victims. Editors note: outdated data has been removed, but recent studies have shown that more than 100,000 students were physically punished in 2013-2014.  But the true numbers are surely higher than the records show. Since the data is supplied voluntarily, and since those reporting arent especially proud of what they are admitting to, under-reporting is inevitable. Some schools decline to participate in the Office for Civil Rights survey. When I inform people of the extensive use of corporal punishment in the schools, they almost invariably react with astonishment. Those who remember the paddle from their own school days tend to assume (erroneously) that its use had long since faded into history. Those who are fortunate enough to have attended schools where corporal punishment wasnt used or who lived in the states where bans were in effect are incredulous when presented with information about its current use. The following anecdote is illustrative. I was invited to address a class of students at San Francisco State University who were preparing to become school counselors. Some in the group already had teaching experience. At the conclusion of my presentation, one of the students—a teacher—opined that surely I was misinformed about the situation in California. Corporal punishment just isnt allowed here and hasnt been for years, she flatly insisted. I knew otherwise. I asked her where she had attended sch ool and in which districts she had worked. As I expected, the places she named all had district-wide policies against the use of corporal punishment. She was unaware that in neighboring communities students were being paddled legally. Paddlers dont advertise, and one cant blame her for not knowing. The use of corporal punishment by public school teachers in California became illegal on January 1, 1987. In the United States, there is a long-standing gentlemans agreement between government, the media, and the educational establishment to avoid any mention of teacher violence. Typical of such taboos, adherents not only refrain from entering forbidden territory but come to believe that no such territory exists. An indignant correspondent wrote me the following: In my twenty years as a teacher in Texas, I never saw one student paddled. Strictly speaking, he might have been telling the truth about what he hadnt seen, but its hard to believe he was unaware of what was going on all around him. Recently I heard this on the radio. An author who had written about sports heroes influence as role models on youth was just concluding an interview and was beginning to field listeners calls. One caller recounted his experience at high school where a coach routinely beat up players. He told how one student who had been victimized by the coach later encountered him in public and punched him. The show s host abruptly cut off the call, and said laughingly, Well, there you have the darker side. Sounds like a movie by____ and hastened to the next caller. Rest assured, the United States does not have a monopoly on denial in this regard. At a conference on child abuse in Sydney in 1978, when I raised a question from the floor about why none of the presenters had talked about caning in schools, the moderator replied, It seems the things you want to talk about, Mr. Riak, are not the things we want to talk about. At that same conference, where I had set up a table to distribute anti-corporal punishment literature, a member of the New South Wales education department told me this: The corporal punishment controversy that youve been stirring up here is causing more broken friendships in the department than any other issue I can remember. Caning is no longer legal in Australian schools, and hopefully, old friendships have mended. How Do You Define Corporal Punishment? There never has been, and probably never will be, a definition of corporal punishment that doesnt stir debate. The American College Dictionary, 1953 Edition, defines corporal punishment as physical injury inflicted on the body of one convicted of a crime, and including the death penalty, flogging, sentence to a term of years, etc. The California Education Code, 1990 Compact Edition, Section 49001 defines it as the willful infliction, or willfully causing the infliction of physical pain on a pupil. Proponents of corporal punishment typically define the practice in personal terms, i.e., what they experienced when they were children, and what they now do to their children. Query any spanker on what it means to corporally punish a child and you will hear autobiography. When one attempts to distinguishing corporal punishment from child abuse, the confusion deepens. Lawmakers, as a rule, duck this conundrum. When it is forced on them, they act as though they are walking on eggs as they grope for language doesnt cramp the style of child punishers. Thats why legal definitions of child abuse are models of vagueness—an heroic accomplishment for those trained in the art of exactitude—and a boon to lawyers who defend abusers. School corporal punishment in schools United States typically involves requiring the student to bend forward as far as possible thus making the protruding posterior a convenient target for the punisher. That target is then struck one or more times with a flat board called a paddle. This causes sharp upward jolts to the spinal column accompanied by bruising, soreness and discoloration of the buttocks. Since the locus of impact is close to the anus and genitals, the sexual component of the act is unarguable. Nevertheless, possible adverse effects on the developing sexuality of young victims are ignored. Furthermore, the possibility that certain punishers are using the act as a pretext for gratifying their own perverse sexual appetites is also ignored. When these risk factors are cited, corporal punishment apologists typically dismiss the suggestion with derisive laughter and retorts such as, Oh, comon, please! Gime a break! Forced exercise is one of several unacknowledged forms of corporal punishment. Though the practice is unequivocally condemned by physical education experts, it is widely used, even in states that ban corporal punishment. It is a staple of locked facilities where troubled youth are corralled ostensibly for the purpose of being reformed. Not allowing children to void bodily waste when the need arises is another form of corporal punishment. It is physically and psychologically dangerous in the extreme, but its use against schoolchildren of all ages is ubiquitous. Punitive restriction of movement also qualifies as corporal punishment. When done to incarcerated adults, it is deemed a violation of human rights. When done to schoolchildren, its called discipline. In school environments where buttocks beating is key to student management and discipline, all the myriad lesser insults to which children are prey such as ear twisting, cheek squeezing, finger jabbing, arm grabbing, slamming against the wall and general manhandling are apt to pass unchronicled and unrecognized for what they really are. Article updated by Stacy Jagodowski

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 21 Free Essays

We remained quiet all the way home. I don’t know what she was thinking, but my thoughts were full of what would happen if one of us got furry. Would I be able to shoot her as she’d asked me to? Yes. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Would she be able to shoot me? It didn’t really matter, because I’d be able to shoot myself. Jessie let us into her apartment. She went straight to the message machine in the kitchen. â€Å"You have no new messages.† Her sigh of disappointment plucked at something too near my heart. I’d been in love once. I’d lost him, badly. I understood where she was coming from. Will wasn’t back yet; he hadn’t called, and she was even more worried. I glanced at my watch. Three a.m. Not good. I was starting to worry myself. â€Å"Take a shower,† I told her. â€Å"Kiss my ass.† She’s baaack, my mind taunted. I’d been waiting for Jessie to snap out of her zone. It figured that she’d do so cursing me. â€Å"I’ll pass,† I returned, â€Å"but thanks anyway.† â€Å"I don’t want to take a shower,† she said mulishly. â€Å"I’m still on duty.† â€Å"And I bet the people you’ve vowed to serve and protect will be thrilled with your new look. Blood and werewolf brains are such a fashion statement.† â€Å"Do you have to be right all the time?† She stomped into the bathroom. â€Å"That was a rhetorical question, right?† She slammed the door in my face. I opened her refrigerator and helped myself to a can of soda. Then I sat on the couch and I considered what we’d learned. Not much. We still didn’t know where their lair was, and I had no idea what they were up to, hiding human bones in the mine. Hector was here. I was certain of it. But what was he planning? And how was the brown wolf involved? What about the power eater legend Will had been mumbling about? I had to think we were hip deep in something serious. A tap on the windowpane made me jump so high I nearly levitated. I spun around, gun in my hand, and came face to beak with a crow on the windowsill. The thing tilted his head, first one way, then the other, as if trying to figure out what I was. â€Å"Take off.† I set my gun next to my cola, then made a shooing motion, to no avail. Caw, he returned, then stretched out and tapped the glass again. I was so preoccupied with the damn bird, I didn’t notice the scratching at the door until it was too late. The lock clicked free. I’ve been set up, I thought. Crows and wolves work together in nature. Who’s to say they don’t work together unnaturally, too. Had the pesky bird drawn my attention away from the door long enough for one of the bad guys to get inside? I sprinted across the room, pressed my back against the wall, waited for the intruder to show himself. He did, and I jumped him. In a quick, professional movement, he flipped me onto my back, hard, then pressed a knee into my chest. â€Å"Oh, hi, Leigh.† Cadotte was back. He stood, then held out a hand to help me up. I couldn’t breathe. â€Å"You OK?† I shook my head. The bathroom door opened. â€Å"Leigh?† Cadotte’s face lit up from the inside out. He left me on the ground to die and ran to Jessie. â€Å"Will,† she whispered; then she slugged him. â€Å"Ow.† He rubbed his stomach. â€Å"What the hell was that for?† She grabbed his cell phone from his belt and waved it in front of his nose. â€Å"Turn it on once in a while, dick weed. You scared me to death.† Jessie tossed the phone upward. He snatched it from thin air as she stalked past him and into the living room. Observing me on the floor, she smirked. â€Å"Did he flip you?† I nodded. â€Å"He thinks he’s Jackie Chan.† Right now, I kind of thought he was, too. Jessie spun toward Will. â€Å"Where’s my gun?† â€Å"In the trunk of my car.† â€Å"Fat lot of good it’s going to do you there.† â€Å"Getting stopped with a loaded firearm would not be healthy, Jess.† I managed to get off the floor under my own power; then I collapsed in a chair. â€Å"Why not?† Will pointed a finger toward his face. â€Å"Indian. Gun. Too many cowboys.† â€Å"I still don’t get it.† Jessie made an impatient sound. â€Å"The civil rights movement hasn’t gotten here yet. There’s still a lot of prejudice against Native Americans.† â€Å"A loaded gun in the car is illegal,† I pointed out. â€Å"True. But there’d be a whole lot more than arresting going on if Will was stopped with one.† She glanced at him. â€Å"Sorry. I wasn’t thinking past your being safe from the werewolves.† He shrugged. â€Å"I’m fine. But why are you home, in the middle of your shift, wearing a towel?† Jessie gave me a narrow-eyed glare, which I took to mean, Shut up. So I did. â€Å"Never mind me,† she said. â€Å"Where have you been?† â€Å"Madison.† â€Å"You were supposed to be back eight hours ago.† He shrugged, his face sheepish. â€Å"I got distracted.† Neither one of them paid any attention to me. â€Å"What was it this time?† Jessie asked. I waited to hear what his vice was – drinking, drugs, gambling. Considering Jessie’s short fuse, I doubted it was women. â€Å"The book was ancient, Jess. Written practically on papyrus. You should have seen it.† His face went all dreamy. â€Å"Remarkable.† She rolled her eyes, shook her head, then looked at me with a shrug. I tried not to laugh. Cadotte’s vice was books. â€Å"Never mind that, Slick. What did it say?† â€Å"Right.† He pulled his glasses out of his shirt pocket and a sheaf of papers out of his pants. â€Å"I had to write all his down. They wouldn’t even let me use the copy machine. Can’t blame them. Who knows what artificial light would do to something so old?† â€Å"Steady, boy.† Jessie put a hand on his shoulder. â€Å"Don’t start mumbling and drooling on me now. I need that info.† He nodded, shuffled papers, shoved his glasses up his nose in an absent gesture that made Jessie’s face soften and her fingers tighten on his arm. â€Å"From what I can gather, the power eater is an obscure legend – â€Å" â€Å"Again?† Jessie said drily. He lifted his gaze from his notes and winked. â€Å"Stick with me, kid; I’ve got a million.† â€Å"The wolf god was an obscure legend, too.† Jessie faced me. â€Å"You know how well that went.† Will held up one finger. â€Å"But I know the whole legend this time. No missing pages.† â€Å"Then get on with it.† â€Å"A Weendigo becomes a power eater by eating power.† â€Å"Hence the name,† Jessie drawled. â€Å"Let him finish,† I snapped. She shot me a glare, but she closed her mouth. â€Å"Werewolves are very powerful,† Will continued. â€Å"Taking their life destroys the power forever unless – â€Å" â€Å"They eat it,† I guessed. â€Å"By eating the werewolf.† He nodded, then stared at his precious papers some more. â€Å"A human becomes a beast, a Weendigo, by practicing cannibalism, then being cursed. A Weendigo becomes a power eater by being a cannibal – of a different sort.† â€Å"Could a non-Ojibwe become a Weendigo?† I asked, remembering my earlier question in regard to Hector. â€Å"Of course. Weendigo is an Ojibwe term for ‘werewolf.’ A general word, not necessarily race specific.† â€Å"Uh-oh.† â€Å"What?† he asked. Will didn’t know about our Hector theory yet. I waved his question off for now. â€Å"You said the first Weendigo was cursed by the great mystery. What about the ones since then? How did they get to be the way they are?† He glanced at Jessie, frowned. â€Å"I thought Mengele – â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, yeah,† I interrupted. â€Å"But not every werewolf was created by him. Obviously, since the Weendigo legend predates the rise of the Reich and all the subsequent good times.† â€Å"True.† He shuffled his papers again, found one, began to read. â€Å"Humans who develop a taste for human flesh are cursed. They become the beast that lives within them.† â€Å"How?† He shrugged. † Poof! They’re a beast.† Well, stranger things had happened. â€Å"What does the blood moon have to do with any of this?† â€Å"That’s where it gets fascinating.† â€Å"I bet,† Jessie muttered. He ignored her and so did I. â€Å"Beginning on the night of the harvest moon the Weendigo hunts his own. He eats their power, night by night, gaining strength and ability, until the eve of the blood moon, the hunter’s moon, when the power eater becomes the supreme alpha.† â€Å"Yada yada,† I said. â€Å"So what?† Will’s lips twitched. He really was a nice guy. Most people would be sick of my mouth by now. But then look who he was in love with. â€Å"The power eater is the ultimate werewolf. A shape-shifter beyond anything the world has ever known.† He lowered his notes and stared at Jessie, then me, in turn. Any trace of amusement was gone. â€Å"The power eater can do anything.† â€Å"He’s already a shape-shifter; what more is there?† â€Å"I don’t know.† â€Å"Thought you knew everything.† â€Å"Everything there is to know from the book. Unfortunately, it was a little vague on the specifics.† More like a lot, but what can you do? â€Å"The ultimate werewolf,† I murmured. As if we didn’t have enough problems with the regular ones. â€Å"What, exactly, is a supreme alpha?† Jessie asked. â€Å"I think that means he’s in charge of all the other werewolves.† â€Å"Let me guess,† she continued. â€Å"They’re his army. He’s the head man-wolf. He gets to rule the world.† â€Å"Appears that way.† â€Å"What is it with wanting to rule the world?† â€Å"Got me.† Will shrugged. â€Å"Sounds like a pretty lousy job.† I had to agree. â€Å"How does the power eater become the supreme alpha?† â€Å"By eating the power of a hundred werewolves before the hunter’s moon.† â€Å"Yuck.† â€Å"You asked.† â€Å"What should we do?† Jessie was staring at me. I was kind of surprised. But then again, I was supposed to be in charge. â€Å"Kill them,† I said. â€Å"Kill them all.† How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 21, Essay examples

The Perspective Construction of Masaccios Trinity Fresco and Medieval Astronomical Graphics Essay Example For Students

The Perspective Construction of Masaccios Trinity Fresco and Medieval Astronomical Graphics Essay Quite beyond the solemn reality brought to bear on the central mystery of the Christian faith, Masaccios Holy Trinity fresco has played a pivotal role in the history of art as both a definitive example of earty Renaissance linear perspective and as a kind of prophetic forerunner of the perspective method discussed neartye decade later by Leon 8attista Alberti1 While Albertis Della Pitture of 1435 may be the first written docu ment to articulate a new humanist ideal of pamting in which visual appearances are controlled by geometric principles em bedded in nature, Masaccios fresco of the Trinity is the first extant painting fully informed by that ideal.2 The magnificent vault arching over the austere figures in Masaccios fresco of the mid-1420s   is an utterly convincing illusion of archi tectural form oxtendmg into space, and for centuries it has boon justly celebrated on that account. Yet it is not an historical ex emplar devoid of uncertainties. It has been difficult, for Instance, to determine exactly where the figures of the Virgin and St. John stand with respect to the projected ground plane, and ascertaining the position of God the Fathers feet has proved a particularly mystifying problem. So far as the perspective con struction itself is concerned, there is little agreement among scholars about either the vertical position of the projected cen tnc point on the wall or the distance of the viewer from the painting1 These are important issues for ad historians to resolve, and much time has been spent in considering them within the con text of the Renaissance awakening. Yet having succumbed to the fascinating pursuit of Albertian consistencies, are we really any closer to understanding the method and conceptual frame work of Masaccios perspective scheme except in the limiting terms proposed by AJberti? Was Masaccio simply unable to master the difficultdisotto m su projection that would have suc cessfully foreshortened the awe inspiring figures in the fore ground of his fresco? Is it because the fresco has been moved several times that we are unable to decode Masaccios perspec tive projection? Or the stringently rational context of Albertis Delia Pttura really appropriate for understanding a painting cre ated in Ftorenco during the 1420s, when one might still expect to find a fluid dialogue between reason and faith in an image of the Corpus Dommi executed for the conservative Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella? Certainly Joseph fblzers detailed photographs of the points and lines embedded in the fresh plaster provide strong evidence that the illusionistic impact of the vault depended on many drf ferent artiste techniques. It needs now to be said that this di versity of techniques Includes orthographic, conical, and stereo graphic methods made familiar to late Medieval painters through instructive working drawings of architects and instrument mak ers as much as through practical geometry texts that had gov erned the artists early education.* If the very complexity of the Trinity fresco vault projection has long encouraged art histori ans to conjecture Filippo Brunelles chis involvement in its plan ning, the diversity of the projection techniques discovered there would seem all the more to confirm the architects participation in the complex project. Perhaps more importantly, as Poker has shown, that diversity of means is competingly unified both pictorially and theoretically at the level of mathematics and mea surement. The imaginatrve sweep of Masaccios accomplish ment is not to be found solely in the precise ordering of lines and planes, however, for ho (or more likefy Brunelleschi) dis carded earlier and more tentative experiments in favor of a ra tionally consistent method of structuring his own arching sepul chral vault which drew on and mirrored the mathematically defined coordinates of the vault of the heavens. It is the aim of the following essay to show that the one pre existing graphic tradition of great authority for projecting these mathematically regulated and symbolically charged spatial co ordinates was the tradition of medieval astronomical diagrams. This tradition was not only useful in practical detail, but it was also intrinsically suggestive to early perspectives, and prob ably determinative with respect to t he special viewing circum stances presented by the Trinity. Not only did this graphic tradi tion take into account the position of tho viewer looking intcntty upward; its most familiar projections were ordered according to the exemplary symmetries of a divinely created cosmos. The orthographic and stereographic protections of medieval astrono mers and the common ground they shared with mathematical diagrams provided a readily availaNe source to Masaccio and Brunelleschi of a full range of necessary diagramming techniques at the same time that they affirmed the mathematical order be lieved to control all of nature. Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction EssayThe rhetorical intent of Masaccios geometry is further suggested by the location of the incised centric point denoting the height of the â€Å"viewer. at al most 3 breccia above the church floor, a measure which carries with it the same connotations of the ideal as the circles and squares ol the surface geometry.M While Alberti would main tain that this was the height of the average viewer, giving it a seemingly practical sanction, it fits neatly into the Vitruvian scheme of ideal human proportions In addition, it is a com- monly known symbolic height in late medieval guide books to Jerusalem, where 3 breccia is proclaimed to be the height of the perfect man. Christ.Despite the fact that the location of the centric point coincides with e reasonable viewing height, its place ment confirms Masaccios attention to non-physical and non visual considerations associated with the time honored symbolic power of numbers as well as the p urity of mathematical relation ships and analogues. That one should find such doubly potent symbols of perfection in an image of the Tnnity in Santa Maria Novella is   keeping with the central role played by the Corpus Domim in the sacerdotal life of this conservative Dominican Church.’ M Masaccios fresco was adventurous, even radical, in its aggressive imitation of a powerful, physically present nature, the inteiectuel context of his grid and projection systems, as well as the newly rationalized aesthetic on which they depended, remained firmly linked to a traditional and highly suggestive re ligious interpretation of natural order in which mathematics func tions as a bridge between concrete, sensible reality and univer sal or divine truth.17 Quite beyond shape end measure conveying meaning in an obvious and frankly didactic way. the points, lines, and pianos which make sense to many as surface geometry, medieval math ematicians would have understood within the broader context of a mathematical graphics tradition intent on e xplaining another kind of absolute perfection, the continually changing relation ships among the coordinate systems of a vast and earth-cen tered universe as those systems were projected onto a plane surface. These projections were a part of an unbroken tradition of mathematical diagramming techniques dating back at least to the 4th century B.C. The many different diagrams bound by this tradition were found in widely circulated copies of ancient texts by Euclid. Archimedes, and Ptolemy, medieval commentaries by Messahala. Jordanus de Nemore. and Campanus of Novara, as well es in the practical geometry tracts that formed the foun dation of an artists education in the Florentineabbaco schools.The precision with which some of the still visible construction   lines wore scratched into the wet surface of the Trinity offers some proof that Masaccio (or more likely Brunelleschi) was not only familiar with this graphic tradition but even painstakingly followed its rules Not merely the result of convenience, the compositional grid of the Trinity is ihe product of a highly conflated application of different lines of mathematical reasoning to a spatial problem whose main features derive directly from the astronomical con ventions of the day. First of ail. Masaccios apparent use of a centric point to designate the projection of a ray (in this case, the principal line of sightl onto the plane of projection, together with the right angle relationship of ray to plane were not only defined by Alberti in 1435 but were typical aspects of medieval astro nomical projections.50 Also, certain lines, generally regarded as mero surface marks by art historians, would have been inter preted by mathematicians and anyone familiar with the astrolabe . the most popular astronomical siting device of the  late Middle Ages, as projections of planes perpendicular to the plane of representation.

Effects of the SIR on Tradition and Social Mores

The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy The WritePass Journal

The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy Abstract The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy AbstractIntroduction Principal Legacies of Imperialism on the Contemporary World Economy Conclusion ReferencesRelated Abstract This study explores the principal legacies of imperialism for the contemporary world economy. The findings indicate that although colonialism ended many years ago, its effects and policies still remain in the global economy and it is being aided by globalisation. The developed economies use foreign aid and multinationals to control the economies of the developing countries. Introduction The modern world economy has been influenced by both imperialism and the experience of colonialism. Western imperialism dominated the global history in the last 200 years and it transformed both the third world and western nations in terms of culture, economy, politics and socialisation (Dutt, 2006). The term imperialism was derived from a Latin word imperator meaning autocratic power and centralised government (Smith Dawson Books, 2008). As such imperialism involves one country dominating another country or other countries in ways that benefit it and not the latter. The impact of Europe on the world economy is significant because it has shaped the economic sphere. The legacy of imperialism exists in the form of communication networks, economic structures and ties to metropolitan economies typifying former colonies. Principal Legacies of Imperialism on the Contemporary World Economy Imperialism was the precursor of globalisation that characterises the contemporary world economy (Chattopadhyaya Das, 2007).   This legacy is not entirely benign and the effects of the restructuring of economies of the former colonies have led to dependency on the metropole’s economies. Colonialism had to be stopped because it was exploitative, displaced people from their natural status and transferred wealth from one country to the other. However, globalisation came up to replace imperialism by achieving the same results but this time legitimately and in a manner that is politically correct (Ramana Observer Research Foundation, 2008). The World Trade Organisation and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade legitimised this legacy of imperialism through putting in place trade agreements to eliminate trade barriers. This ensures that countries participate in their own subjugation and in the process transform themselves into neo-colonial states (Hont, 2005). Globalisation has not led to economic equality and interdependence as it is often claimed. It has instead made the lesser developed countries dependent on the developed countries (Dunning Lundan, 2008). In addition to this, it has also led to indebtedness to the International Financial Institutions owned by the west. In some cases it has also led to unfair competition, greater debt and increased poverty. Although globalisation has created wealth for some countries, it has also increased poverty for others. Dutt (2006) adds that it is a more efficient way of exploiting other nations with the help of established international institutions and mechanisms designed to entrap the lesser developed countries through creating economic dependency, debt, and increasing poverty. However unlike colonialism these countries cannot revolt against the loss of their sovereignty. This is because any attempts to revolt could make them lose economic aid that would result in economic and human crisis. Th is is a huge risk that these countries are never willing to risk. All these are consequences of the structuring of the economies of the former colonies making them dependent on exports, monoculture and fluctuations in the global market. Imperialism created a political economic reality of dependency and exploitation because most of the lesser developed economies do not have full control of their economic affairs (Hont, 2005).   There are counterarguments that political economies have lives of their own which make them not fully controllable or that globalisation has taken away such control from all countries. However this perception does not take into account the fact that there is a huge difference in the extent of control. The northern nation states have a relatively strong position because of the financial institutions and multinationals which give them higher control over their political economies (Tester, 2010). The southern nation states on the other hand are impoverished, indebted and dependent on foreign investment and foreign aid. Therefore neo-colonialism steps in because these nation states have reduced control. The contemporary world economy is organised around capitalist imperialism characterised by systematic accumulation of capital through organised labour exploitation and penetrating overseas markets. The capital imperialists make investments in the other countries, transforms and then dominates their economies. Additionally, they integrate their productive and financial structures into the international system of capital accumulation (Chattopadhyaya Das, 2007). Expansion is the central imperative of capitalism because investors only pursue business ventures when they see opportunities for extracting more than they invest. These firms only increase their earnings when their enterprises grow. As such the capitalists keep searching for ways of generating more money. They have to invest in order to generate profits and gather strengths to be able to beat off competition and unpredictable markets. Owing to its expansionary nature, capitalism has to keep exploring other opportunities away f rom home. It is this expansion that ends up destroying whole societies as people are forced to transform into disfranchised wage employees (Smith Dawson Books, 2008). Consumer societies, mass market and mass media replace folk cultures and indigenous societies. Agribusiness factory farms supplant cooperative lands, centralised autocracies supplant autonomous regions and desolate shanty towns replace villages. European and North American corporations have acquired and now control over 75% of mineral resources in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Dunning Lundan, 2008). However, the pursuit for natural resources is not the only reason for expanding operations overseas. They also need to lower the cost of production and maximise profits through investing in economies with cheaper labour markets. They make over 50% profits in the lesser developed countries compared to their home countries because of factors like low wages, weak labour unions, low taxes, weak or non-existent environmental and occupational protections and non-existent work benefits (Guo Guo, 2010). For instance Citibank which is one of the largest US firms makes about approximately 75% of its profits from its operations overseas (Ramana Observer Research Foundation, 2008). Imperialism has made it possible for the multinational firms to continue growing even at a time when their home markets are sluggish because of the dramatic growth in the foreign markets which still remain unexploited. Currently some 400 transnational companies control approximately 80% capital assets in the free global market (Hobson, 2005). These companies have developed global production lines across the lesser developed countries. Multiple sourcing allows these transnational companies to overcome strikes in one country by increasing production in the other countries.   By playing the workers of different countries against each other, they discourage them from making demands on wage and benefit increments which undermine the strategies of labour unions. These firms find cheap labour, natural resources and other profitable conditions in the less developed countries. This is what enables them to generate huge profits which they then repatriate back to their home countries. Both national and local governments often compete in attracting multinational companies with huge expectations in terms of employment provision, tax revenues and economic activity (Sharp, 2009). These governments offer the companies incentives in terms of lax labour or environmental regulations, pledges of government assistance, tax breaks and other subsidies. Other than offering these governments a promise of economic growth, these companies exert power over government through their technical and intellectual property. For instance Microsoft has software patents and Adidas has patents on shoe designs. The patents allow these corporations to exercise their monopolistic powers in the local economy and in the process inhibit the growth of the local enterprises. Additionally, this monopoly helps them maintain low costs of labour and at times even exploitative. Owing to the size of these corporations, they often influence government policies using threats of withdrawal from the market (L ouis, 2006). This forces the governments of the lesser developed states to make polices that benefit the corporations rather than protecting the rights of the citizens. Therefore these corporations exploit the local labour force and funnel the important resources away from these countries into their home countries. In this way globalisation has made the lesser developed economies to be dependent on the developed countries. The multinational companies also cause uneven distribution of benefits because the resources are diverted from the local people into foreign markets (Louis, 2006).   For instance land that could have been used to produce food for the local populations is used by these corporations to grow cash crops for their operations. This leads to high costs of food for the local populations as they are at times forced to import what they could produce locally if their natural resources were effectively utilised. In addition to this, fresh produce are packaged for the international markets where they will fetch more money rather than feeding the local populations. This is the reason why foreign dependency has led to widespread malnutrition in many lesser developed economies (Tester, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, this study has explored the principles legacies of imperialism on the contemporary world economy. The findings indicate that the developed economies still manage the economies of former colonies and the developing economies using different mechanisms like aid and multinational companies with the aid of globalisation. Economic globalisation has also led to unequal economic relations between the developed and the developing economies. The governments of the lesser developed economies act more in the interests of the multinationals and other economies that provide them with aid instead of acting independently on behalf of the citizens. This creates a feeling of economic connection with the lesser developed economies feeling that they cannot survive on their own.   Therefore the dependent relations that were established under colonialism still continue to dominate the world economy through economic imperialism or neo-colonialism. References Chattopadhyaya, D. P., Das, G. J. B. (2007)  Science, technology, imperialism and war. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. Dunning, J. H., Lundan, S. M. (2008)  Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Dutt, S. (2006).  India in a Globalized World. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Guo, S., Guo, B. (2010).  Greater China in an era of globalization. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield. Hobson, J. A. (2005).  Imperialism: A study. New York: Cosimo. Hont, I. (2005).  Jealousy of trade: International competition and the nation state in historical perspective. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Louis, W. R. (2006).  Ends of British imperialism: The scramble for empire, Suez and decolonization : collected essays. London: I.B. Tauris. Ramana, P. V., Observer Research Foundation. (2008).  The Naxal challenge: Causes, linkages, and policy options. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Sharp, J. P. (2009).  Geographies of post-colonialism. London: SAGE. Smith, D., Dawson Books. (2008).  The dragon and the elephant: China, India and the new world order. London: Profile. Tester, K. (2010).  Humanitarianism and modern culture. University Park, Pa: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

The Bean Trees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Bean Trees - Essay Example merican parental rights and issues related to a psychological realm often operated within the context of myriad literary age concerned with the coming of an age is handled uniquely and brilliantly in the novel. Coming of an age which is quite interlinked with the themes of transition, metamorphosis and advancement of growing time or approach of old age is the central theme of many texts. The plot of the â€Å"The Bean Trees† demands a unique representation of the theme. The â€Å"Bildungsroman† or coming of an age is typical of a genre which focuses on the psychological development of the protagonist that comes with the maturity of his or her growing chronological age too. The genre of the novel also speaks about the quest for an answer or experience quite evident through the life of the protagonist of â€Å"The Bean Trees†. The genre also presents a conflict between the sensitive person and the society in which he lives and this conflict gives oxygen to the development of the plot. In â€Å"The Bean Trees†, Taylor with her trajectory in her old bug learns new phase of life with weird experiences of getting a baby child to meeting Mattie, who is an ocean of wisd om in terms of perceiving life. The plot, character portrayal, theme, setting and language of the novel from the outset represents the sound and hue of Kentucky life. The trajectory of Taylor, the protagonist of the novel and her meeting with the baby girl whom she names Turtle builds not only the plot of the novel but at every stage, her encounter with new people and their life style displays a set of colourful characters. The syntax and the language of the novel are quite lucid and full of colloquial terminologies launches the novel almost into a paradigm of folklore. The discovery of motherhood is almost like encountering an accident by carefree, independent, young girl named Taylor and her story of love, friendship, abandonment and sudden revelation of resources that are surprising in an area which

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political science - Essay Example al political systems, supranationalism, peace studies, conflict analysis, strategic studies, public administration, political psychology, socialization studies, legislative processes, public law, and more. The issue of how globalization is impacting citizenship is one of great significance within the field of political science, and it is as well one which is highly relevant to the world today. In order to be able to understand about globalization and how it is affecting citizenship today, not only must each separate issue be discussed, but as well any and all other key issues must be addressed and thoroughly examined. By doing this, we will be able to gain a more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand, and as well we will be able to attain the information which will answer the question of how globalization is affecting citizenship. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Globalization is a term which refers to a process that involves the increasing of global connectivity and the integration between organizations, and it is really an umbrella term which covers a variety of different ideals. Recent emerging literature and studies on the quality of democracy have suggested the fact that economic globalization greatly affects the quality of citizenship, and there are three particular of facets of globalization which must then be discussed here, as well as two facets of social citizenship. The three globalization facets are trade level, trade liberalization and debt ratio; the three social citizenship facets are social spending and employment quality. The problems that are considered to exist between globalization and citizenship are not considered as being new, as in fact there have been many steps that have been taken in the past, particularly over more recent years, in order to try and create solutions for these specific problems. For instance, in December, 1996, UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social

Doctrine of Separation of Power Analysis

Doctrine of Separation of Power Analysis Introduction The doctrine of separation of powers is not a legal principle, but a political theory.[1] The separation of powers concerns the division of State power as between the executive, the legislature and judiciary.[2] Article 16 of the French Declaration of the Rights of man (1789) states, that ‘’a society where rights are not secured or the separation of powers established has no constitution’’.[3] The most important aspect of the separation of powers is the way in which the organs of State act to restrain each other and prevent the other institutions from exceeding their powers. There is a general belief that in all societies that there is a natural tendency for an individual to monopolise power. The doctrine of separation of powers attempts to combat this by providing mechanisms to make it difficult for any single power group to dominate and to ensure that government action requires the cooperation of different groups, each of which helps to keep the others within bounds.[4] One of the functions of government is to protect the rights of individuals, however, historically; governments have been the major violators of these rights that they are meant to protect. The concept of separation of powers is one of a number of measures that have been derived to reduce the likelihood of abuse of power by the government and the violation of individual rights.[5] If power is concentrated in a single group, they would have unlimited power and they would do as it pleases them. The French writer Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu is the person, most often associated with the doctrine of separation of power. Writing in 1748, the French jurist, Montesquieu argued that, there can be no liberty and there would be no end of everything if the legislative, executive and judicial powers of government were to be exercised by the same person or authority.[6] The English political philosopher, John Locke had earlier expressed similar sentiments and he wrote in 1690, ‘’it may be too great a temptation to human frailty†¦for the same person to have the power of making laws, to have also in their hands the power to execute them, whereby they may exempt themselves from the obedience to the laws they make, and suit the law both in its making and execution, to their own private advantage.[7] The scope of the doctrine of separation of power is not caste in iron. The doctrine has generated a lot of debate and is capable of different interpretations. Statements about the existence and importance of separation of powers in the United Kingdom should be treated with caution.[8] This essay will look at the doctrine of separation of power and if the doctrine operates in a satisfactory fashion in the United Kingdom today. I will first look at the origin of the doctrine of separation of powers. I will then look at doctrine of separation of powers in the U.K Origin of separation of powers. The doctrine of separation of powers includes a proposition about the functions of government, and discussions of the forms and functions of government may be traced back to ancient Greece.[9] John Locke recommended that the legislative and executive functions should be placed in separate hand, for the sake of efficiency as well as for the protection of liberty. His classification of functions was in to legislative the executive, and the federative.[10] Collin Munro, professor of constitutional law at University of Edinburgh wrote that , ‘’another related term, which has as long a history in political thought, is the problem of ensuring that the exercise of governmental power, if it is necessary for the promotion of a society’s values, may nonetheless be subject to limits so that it does not itself destroy those values. That is the principle of constitutionalism, which became central to western democratic tradition government’’.[11] Another theory, which was first, developed in ancient Greece and Rome was the theory of mixed governments, which proposed that the major interests in society must be allowed to participate jointly in government, so preventing any one interest from being able to dominate entirely. The doctrine, just like the doctrine of separation of powers was aimed at avoiding absolutism by preventing a monopoly of power.[12] Viscount Bolingbroke presented a clear delineation of the functions of the different arms of government. He wrote, ‘’A king of Great Britain is that supreme magistrate, who has a negative voice in the legislature. He is entrusted with the executive, and several other powers and privileges, which we call prerogative, are annexed to this trust. The two houses of parliament have their rights and privileges, some of which are common to both, others particular to each other†¦the supreme judicature resides in the Lords. The Commons are the grand inquest of the nation; and to them it belongs to judge of national expenses, and to give supplies accordingly’’. [13] Bolingbroke, had the vision to see that, ‘’in a constitution like ours, the safety of the whole depends on the balance of the parts’’.[14] In Bolingbrook’s writings, he proposed that that no arm of government should have monopoly of power, that was the only way, the rights, and liberty of individuals could be protected. Montesquieu took on the constitution that Bolingbroke described as his model and explicitly restated the doctrine of separation of powers. The Separation of Powers in the UK The separation of powers has been endorsed by contemporary UK judges, e.g. Lord Templeman in M v. Home Office (1993) 3 ALL ER 537.[15] Lord Diplock in a case concerning an industrial dispute stated, ‘’At a time when more and more cases involve the application of legislation which gives effect to polices that are the subject of bitter public and parliamentary controversy, it cannot be too strongly emphasised that the British constitution, though largely unwritten, is firmly based on the separation of power: parliament makes the laws, the judiciary interpret them’’.[16] Sir John Donaldson MR once remarked, ‘’Although the United Kingdom has no written constitution, it is †¦one of the highest importance that the legislature and the judicature are separate and independent of one another, subject to certain ultimate rights of Parliament over the judicature which are immaterial present purposes. It therefore behoves the courts to be ever sensitive to the paramount need to refrain from trespassing on the province of Parliament†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.[17] Shortly afterwards, Lord Scarman referred to the doctrine in Re: Nottinghamshire, in explaining why the courts should be slow to intervene over the exercise of an executive power which had been subject to the specific approval of the House of Commons.[18] More recently in the case of M v Home-Office, Lord Templeman remarked that , Parliament makes the law, the executive carry the law in to effect and the judiciary enforce the law’’.[19] Other judges have recognised it as applying at least between the legislature and the judiciary, e.g. Lords Nicholas and Hope in Wilson v First County Trust (2003) 4 All ER 97.[20] A strict separation of powers in the United Kingdom is impossible, because in strict constitutional theory the three functions of government are derived from the Crown.[21] The Crown has always been an element in the exercise of all three kinds of powers, namely the executive, legislature and judiciary.[22] There is not, and never has been, a strict separation of powers in the English constitution in the sense that the legislative, executive and judicial powers are assigned respectively to different organs, nor have checks and balances between them been devised as a result of theoretical analysis.[23] There is clear overlap between the three organs of government in the United Kingdom both in terms of personnel and between functions. The principal overlaps in personnel are that the majority of government ministers will be members of the House of Commons, while other ministers will have seat in the House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor presided over the House of Lords prior to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 in its legislative capacity. He was also the head of the judiciary and a cabinet minister. However, by virtue of Part 2 of the Act, the Lord Chancellor ceases to be a member of the judiciary and loses the judicial functions traditionally associated with the office. Future Lord Chancellors may be drawn from either the House of Lords or the House of Commons.[24] The principal overlap in functions are that government ministers direct the activities of central government departments and, as it has been alleged, through their majority in the House of Commons exert a controlling influence over its timetable, business and legislative output.[25] The Law Lords exercise both judicial and legislative functions, although this dual rate will end when the Supreme Court is established. The Lord Chancellor will continue to be involved in the process of judicial appointment, notwithstanding that his judicial functions were removed by the 2005 Act.[26] The Home Secretary exercises the prerogative of mercy, and the Attorney General may enter a nolle prosequi to a prosecution on indictment.[27] In R. v Home Secretary ex. p Fire Brigades Union[28], Lord Mustill referred to the ‘peculiarly British conception of the separation of powers that Parliament, the executive and the courts each have their distinct and largely exclusive domain.’[29] Most writers on constitutional law unanimously agree that separation of powers is not a feature of the British Constitution. W.A Robson, likened Montesquieu’s doctrine to ‘a rickety chariot’ and claimed that, ‘’ †¦the division of powers enunciated in this theory, and their allocation to separate branches of the government has at no period of history borne a close relation to the actual grouping of authority under the system of government obtaining in England’’.[30] In Halsbury’s Laws of England, Sir William Holdsworth denied that the doctrine of separation of powers had ever ‘to any great extent corresponded with the facts of England’.[31] S.A de Smith equa lly towed the line of other writers, arguing that the doctrine has no place in the British constitution. In his textbook on Constitutional and Administration law, he wrote, ‘’No writer of repute would claim that it is a central feature of the modern British constitution’’.[32] The doctrine of separation of power is susceptible to a variety of meanings. There appears to be a consensus amongst academics that , the doctrine is not a central feature of British constitution and that a strict separation of powers is impossible in the United Kingdom, however some leading judges seem to have an opposite view. What the judges seem to have in mind is a version of the doctrine, which would require that the persons who exercise one kind of governmental function should not also exercise another.[33] Conclusion There is no absolute separation of powers in the United Kingdom. The Crown has always been a part in the exercise of all three kinds of powers, namely the executive, legislature and judiciary. There has never has been, a strict separation of powers in the English constitution in the sense that the legislative, executive and judicial powers are assigned respectively to different organs. There is clear overlap between the three organs of government in the United Kingdom both in terms of personnel and their functions. There are substantial and not merely trivial links between the legislature and the executive, however, this does not mean that the separation of powers doctrine has been without effect.[34] The doctrine of separation of powers, no doubt has shaped our constitutional arrangements and thinking, and continues to do so.[35] The doctrine is not absolute in the United Kingdom; nevertheless, it should not be dismissed lightly. Bibliography Alder, J (2005) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 5th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, London Barnett, H (2006) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 6th Edition, Routledge-Cavendish, Oxon Bradley, A.W Ewing, K.D (2007) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 14th Edition, Pearson, Harlow. Carroll, A (2007) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4th Edition, Pearson, Harlow Marston, J Ward, R (1997) Cases Commentary on Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4h Edition, Pitman, London Munro, C.R (2005) Studies in Constitutional Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Parpworth, N (2006) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Phillips, O.H Jackson (2001) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 8th Edition, Sweet Maxwell, London Pollard, D, Parpworth N, Hughes, D (2001) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition, Butterworths, London Thompson, B (1997) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition, Blackstone, London. 1 Footnotes [1] Munro, C. R (2005) p.295 [2] Martson, J Ward, R (1997) p.219 [3] Alder, J (2005)p.145 [4] Alder, J (2005)p.145 [5] Landauer, J Rowlands, J (2001) [6] L’Espirit des Lois, 1748 citied in Carroll (2007) p.37 [7] Second Treatise of Civil Government, 1690, citied in Carroll (2007) p.37 [8] Marstson, J Ward, R (ibid) p.219 [9] Munro, C. R (2005) p.295artso [10]Munro, C.R (ibid) p.298 [11] Munro, C. R (ibid) p.296 [12] Munro, C. R (ibid) p.296 [13] Remarks on the History of England (1743) p.84 cited in Munro, C. R (ibid) p.299 [14] the Craftsman 27 June 1730 cited in Munro, C. R (ibid) p.298 [15] Alder, J (2005)p.150 [16] Duport Steels Ltd v Sirs (1980) 1 ALL ER 529 at p.541 [17] R v HM Treasury, ex p Smedley (1985) QB 657 at p.666 quoted in Munro, C. R (ibid) p.306 [18] (1986) AC 240 citied in Munro, C. R (ibid) p.307 [19] (1994)1AC 377 at 396 [20] Alder, J (2005)p.150 [21] Marstson, J Ward, R (ibid) p.219 [22] Jackson Leopold (2001)p.26 [23] Jackson Leopold (2001)p.26 [24] Carroll (ibid) p.38-43 [25] Carroll (ibid) p.39 [26] Carroll (ibid) p.39 [27] Jackson Leopold (2001)p.26 [28] (1995) 2 AC 513 [29] (1995) 2 AC 513 at p.567 [30] W.A Robson (1951) p.16 cited in Munro, C. R (ibid) p.304 [31] Halsbury’s Law of England (1932) p.385 Munro, C. R (ibid) p.304 [32] SA de Smith R Brazier (1998)p.18 citied in Munro, C. R (ibid) p.305 [33] Munro, C. R (ibid) p.307 [34] Munro, C. R (ibid) p.329 [35] Munro, C. R (ibid) p.332

The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus Essay -- Economics Airlines Airc

The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus The rivalry between Boeing and Airbus goes back a long way, when Boeing was by far the dominant supplier of commercial airplanes. Up until 1997, Boeing was the clear market leader on the passenger airplane market. Now the situation is less certain, as Airbus has overtaken its American competitor[1] not only in the domestic market but also in the world market, with its introduction of new models of passenger aircrafts. The main issue addressed in this article is that a 1992 U.S.-EU civilian aircraft pact allows too much European government support for Airbus, helping it sell more jetliners than Boeing, which had an 80% share in the market a decade ago. Thus the U.S. government wants the E.U. to put an end to any new subsidies provided by their government, which are aimed at protecting their aerospace industry. The market structure for the aerospace sector is oligopolistic i.e. there are few enough firms to enable barriers to entry to new firms because of various reasons such as huge capital investments and high technology. Hence, Boeing and Airbus, which are the two giants in the aerospace industry, have virtually split the market. When Airbus was first set up, it faced a lot of competition from Boeing. This civilian aircraft pact allowed the European government to take protectionist measures by providing various government subsidies to its developing high –technology industry (i.e. Airbus) so that it could compete with Boeing in the international market. The diagram below illustrates the impact of the subsidies on the quantity supplied by Airbus in the domestic market. In the diagram we assume that the world supply is perfectly elastic at Pw. Under conditions o... ... disputes and worsen trade realtionships between the U.S. and the E.U. The E.U. government was justified in providing subsidies to Airbus earlier. This is because Boeing were the clear market leaders and had established a monopoly power (i.e. Boeing was the only major industry in the aerospace sector) not only in the world market, but also in the local European market. Hence, this posed as a big threat to Airbus, since they were not able to compete in the world and local market and this could have lead to the decline of the aerospace industry of Airbus. But now, since Airbus has established itself as one of the main producers in the aerospace sector, future subsidies are not desirable for free trade. References: Essential of Economics – John Sloman http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/125726.stm [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/125726.stm

Regulating Violence Portrayed in the Media

Two themes have emerged as dominant in recent media broadcasts: sex and violence. These two themes have proven to garner high ratings from viewers and they further ensure the success of television programs and cinema movies. Viewers themselves rank programs which feature either or both of these themes as favorites. Of greater impact it seems is the evolution of violence as depicted in the media.With the aid of modern technology, especially as employed in animation and special effects, the depiction of violence has been further facilitated and enhanced. Furthermore, the proliferation of violent programs provides easy access to the same by viewers of all backgrounds, young and old as well as impressionable and guarded alike.This reflects that regulatory boards and associations are no longer able to keep up with the numerous programs deployed containing violent content. On the other hand, the ease with which violent content may be accessed might be attributed to a slackening in standard s. This is reflected in the programs which depict violent and gory images aired for children. Sometimes, as is the case with a lot of Japanese animation, the violence portrayed for the youth surpasses even that depicted for mature viewing.Scope and Nature of the ResearchThis research intends to study the role of violence as portrayed on the screen on aggressive behavior of viewers. It is the goal of this paper to assess whether or not there is a need to regulate the extent of depicted violence on screen. Should it be shown that such a need exists, then the reasonableness of the regulation to be made will be broached.No distinction will be made between programs aired on television and those shown in movie theaters. Neither will distinction be made between programs with purely violent content and programs which only dedicate a portion of the airtime to violence. Included in the programs and movies to be analyzed will be news programs, fictional stories, and even animation. It will be borne in mind that what is of importance in this study is not so much the manner in which the violence is depicted but more on the effect that portrayals of violence has on the viewing public.What will be taken into account will be the effect that violence has on the individual behavior as well as on the society at large bearing witness to it. Given the response of persons, whether implicit or explicit, to portrayals of violence, a close look will be taken as to the effect of regulating the violent content of movies and programs in the cinema and on television.A brief analysis will be made regarding the effect such a regulation might have on viewer ratings and on the process of regulation itself. It is only as regards this aspect of regulation that an analysis of acceptable levels of violence will be made. Therefore, it is only in outlining a rational process of regulation wherein the manner of depicting violence will be assessed. These are the research goals and delimitations withi n which this paper will be made.Research IssuesSuch goals have been borne out of an observation that the increase in violent programs shown on screen have resulted in a related increase in crime and violence in the community. Several empirical research data have been obtained which support this observation. Although there has been contradictory evidence obtained which also tend to refute supporting evidence, the fact remains that in some populations and studies, a positive correlation has been drawn between television violence and violence in the individual and in the community.Furthermore, actual cases have been observed wherein felonies have been committed mimicking behavior aired on television or shown in a movie. This reflects the danger of giving free license to creativity in violent films. This is particularly so in programs wherein the characters are permitted to accomplish their criminal objectives without resulting in action by legal or police authorities.Not only as regard s criminal behavior, but even in programs reflecting suicide behavior, there has been shown a duplication effect in the acts of viewers. Thus it is shown that concepts shown by the media give ideas to the audience regarding behavior that they themselves might engage in. Taking into consideration the extent of violent acts that can possibly be depicted in films today and the variety of programs accessible to different viewers, we are faced with the problem of having to control for an infinite number of different atrocities in any given community.Given these facts, the emerging issue is undeniably whether or not regulation may effect a means of control for aggressive and violent behavior in societies exposed to violence in films. Given that violent programs have already been introduced into the regular broadcast of media, would its belated regulation result in a discernable change? Furthermore, up to what extent should regulation be made in order that an observable decline is found in violent behavior of the public?Theoretical FrameworkThe focus and issues of this paper is based on several theoretical foundations. These theories serve to ground the rationalizations and argumentations made regarding the relationship of media portrayed violence and actual violent behavior. An understanding of the theoretical framework of such a relationship will support the importance of regulation and provide a background for determining the level of regulation required.The first underlying theory bases the relationship on cognitive priming. Cognitive priming focuses on the ability of a stimulus to activate similar stimuli causing a chain of reactions as a result of the initial stimulus presented. This type of inference from one stimulus to another is largely dependent on built-in associations established in the memory pathways of the individual.Applying this approach to violence, it is theorized that the violence in films stimulates previously held aggressive thoughts or tendenc ies in an individual. In fact, the individual need not necessarily have entertained such aggressiveness nor is there a need that the individual be attracted to violence. The only aspect required on the part of the individual when considering the cognitive priming approach is that there is a natural link made between the violent scene or act viewed with other violent behaviors – both those personally experienced and those simply associated on basis of logic.Emotional arousal is different from cognitive priming in this sense because in emotional arousal, the natural tendency is key in bringing forth aggressive behavior as a result of witnessing a violent program. It should be noted that arousal merely energizes dominant behavior in a particular situation. Therefore, arousal produced by watching violent programs merely facilitates or intensifies a predisposition for violence. However, if there is no prior propensity for aggression, then there is no object to be energized by the arousal resulting from violent films.Another reason why individuals are encouraged to act on their aggression after viewing violent behavior is a probable sponsor effect which operates on the mind of the viewer. This effect results from a perspective regarding the person of the sponsor endorsing the violent program.This effect is said to have relevance when certain socialization norms dominate the understanding of the viewer causing him or her to gain respect for certain authority figures – such as the ones who have permitted the airing of the violent program. Given that the acts in the program were encouraged and not prohibited, then certainly the imitation of the same in actual life should warrant the same encouragement or at least a degree of tolerance.It can thus be seen from the above theories that repeated exposure to violence on films causes an increase in permissiveness for deviant behavior. Furthermore, the lack of portrayal of punishment of violence causes viewers t o rationalize that they themselves are capable of escaping reprimand should they perform the same acts.As regards sensationalized victims of violence, individuals may even bring home the message that should they themselves receive the violence witnessed, they too should receive attention and momentary fame. All these signals represent misinformed ideologies about the role and effect of violence in society thus resulting in socially maladaptive and harmful behavior.The Research ProcessConsidering the nature of the study to be made, several resources should be tapped in order to gain a holistic view as to the present standing of matters. Adequate research would also reflect the rational future steps to be made in terms of regulation. First, relevant material pertaining to present regulatory guidelines pertaining to violence should be obtained. Given, the guidelines, an assessment should be made whether or not the same are applied.Next, an actual study should be made gathering data fro m a chosen population regarding the effect on aggression in viewers of the permitted level of violence in films. Should it be found that there is a significant relationship, then research must be made as to what level of viewed violence would not result in such violent viewer behavior.The results should then display the effect such a regulation would have on viewer behavior by reviewing the data collected from the population organized. Furthermore, television viewer ratings of violent programs should be noted in order that a determination may be made as to the effect regulation will have on the ratings of networks and movie houses. From the above it can thus be seen that legislative acts, experimental data, and media network data sheets will be utilized in order to solidify a firm resource base for the results of the study.In obtaining such resources, several research methods will need to be used, first of such will be the interview method. Members of movie regulatory bodies will ha ve to be interviewed regarding the process of review and the standard of violence permitted in movies. Also, officers of media networks or their representatives should be interviewed in order to gain an accurate estimation of the quantifiable effect of violence in shows on viewer ratings.Apart from interviews however, a field study should be conducted regarding the effect of particular levels of violence on viewers. In order to facilitate data collection, certain levels of violence will already be categorized and the viewers of such kinds of violence disseminated among the groups. Data will then be collected through a series of questionnaires and self-report tests.It is hypothesized that the study will reveal that there is a lack if media regulation of violence on television programs and movie shows resulting in heightened levels of violence in the community. Increased regulation of media portrayals of violence will however serve to dampen the awareness of the public regarding the v ariety of violent acts. Regulation will also serve to maintain the authority of legal and police figures in controlling violent behavior. Thus, there should be an increase in regulation of violence in the media.Works CitedFelson, Richard. â€Å"Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior.† Annual Review of Sociology 22 (1996): 103-128.The author effectively synthesizes the large body of work related to the effects of mass media on resulting aggressive behavior in the viewer. The paper is objective and presents data supporting and defeating the relationship of depictions of violence with actual violent behaviors. The presentation sticks to the relevant data in the mass of previous studies conducted regarding the topic. Yet the detail embedded in the paper serves to enhance the reader’s knowledge of past studies. The paper is holistic as it takes into account concepts and theories as well as empirical data gathered.Pirkis, Jane, Burgess, Philip, Blood, R. Warwick, and Francis , Catherine. â€Å"The Newsworthiness of Suicide.† Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 37(3) (2007): 278-283.The authors herein take on a very limited perspective on the role of media on suicidal behavior. The theory implemented herein is that of modeling and emulation only. A further limitation of the paper is that it only considers those suicide attempts which were real and covered by news programs.The authors focus on the danger that viewers may imitate the behavior of sensationalized and detailed suicidal acts. Several examples are given as to actual cases wherein media-covered suicides were copied by viewers of the news program. The authors themselves also suggest stricter regulation of suicides which are to be deemed as newsworthy and as to what aspects regarding the suicide should be revealed to the public.

The Movie Exhibition Industry 2011 - 1172 Words

Business Strategy 491BMAL November 10, 2013 The Movie Exhibition Industry: 2011 What can exhibitors do to improve their performance? To reverse the downward trends in attendance? To improve their profitability at a time when the studios, relying on the box office more than ever, are increasingly looking internationally? Let’s start with a SWOT analysis of the local exhibitor: SWOT Analysis Strengths * Offer a product that is still relatively affordable for families and patrons * Product offers an â€Å"escape from reality† for consumers in a recessive economy * The â€Å"big screen† experience still cannot be duplicated at home * High profit margins on concessions and advertising * Lower cost digital versions of movies†¦show more content†¦They could also offer package deals to families that would include tickets and a preset concession value or product. This would grow the adult demographic of parents who have small children that want to see the latest kids release and be guaranteed concession sales for that group of consumers. Another opportunity for theatre owners is to look at alternative uses for their facilities. The overhead costs of the facility are fixed but could be offset by renting spaces during off-peak hours for events such as business conferences or school events. They could also use their screens to show things other than major motion-picture releases. With digital equipment I’m sure there would be a way to contract with major networks and cable providers to show popular television series finales. The audiences of these series are hardcore fans. They could market the allure of a big-screen and the opportunity to experience the show with other fans. For example the audience for shows like The Walking Dead, Homeland, and many other popular shows is a huge market. Often these shows air on nights that theatres have low attendance. They could market it with discounts offered for customers who come in costume. Another product modification could be the ticket pricing set up. 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