Ancestry of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ancestry of Martin Luther King, Jr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 January 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia to a long line of preachers. His father, Martin Luther King, Sr. was a pastor for the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. His maternal grandfather, the Reverend Adam Daniel Williams, was famous for his fiery sermons. His great-grandfather, Willis Williams, was a slave-era preacher. Family Tree of Martin Luther King Jr. This family tree uses the Ahnentafel Genealogical Numbering System. First Generation: 1. Martin Luther King Jr. was born Michael L. King on 15 January 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, and was assassinated on 4 April 1968 during a visit to Memphis, Tennessee. In 1934, his father perhaps inspired by a visit to the birthplace of Protestantism in Germany is said to have changed his name and that of his son to Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King Jr. married Coretta Scott King (27 April 1927 - 1 January 2006) on 18 June 1953 on the lawn of her parents home in Marion, Alabama. The couple had four children: Yolanda Denise King (b. 17 November 1955), Martin Luther King III (b. 23 October 1957), Dexter Scott King (b. 30 January 1961) and Bernice Albertine King (b. 28 March 1963). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was laid to rest in the historically black South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, but his remains were later moved to a tomb located on the grounds of the King Center, adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church. Second Generation (Parents): 2. Michael KING, often called Daddy King was born on 19 Dec 1899 in Stockbridge, Henry County, Georgia and died of a heart attack on 11 November 1984 in Atlanta, Georgia. He is buried with his wife at South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. 3. Alberta Christine WILLIAMS was born on 13 September 1903 in Atlanta, Georgia. She was shot to death on 30 June 1974 while she played the organ at Sunday service at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, and is buried with her husband in South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther KING Sr. and Alberta Christine WILLIAMS were married on 25 November 1926 in Atlanta, Georgia, and had the following children: i. Willie Christine KING was born 11 September 1927 and married Isaac FARRIS, Sr.1 ii. Martin Luther KING, Jr.iii. Alfred Daniel Williams KING was born 30 July 1930, married Naomi BARBER, and died 21 July 1969. The Rev. A. D. King is buried in South-View Cemetery, Atlanta, Georgia. Third Generation (Grandparents): 4. James Albert KING was born about December 1864 in Ohio. He died on 17 November 1933 in Atlanta, Georgia, four years after the birth of his grandson, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 5. Delia LINSEY was born about July 1875 in Henry County, Georgia, and died 27 May 1924. James Albert KING and Delia LINSEY were married 20 August 1895 in Stockbridge, Henry County, Georgia and had the following children: i. Woodie KING born abt. April 18962. ii. Michael KINGiii. Lucius KING was born abt. Sept. 1899 and died before 1910.iv. Lenora KING was born abt. 1902v.Cleo KING was born abt. 1905vi. Lucila KING was born abt. 1906vii. James KING Jr was born abt. 1908viii. Rubie KING was born abt. 1909 6. Rev. Adam Daniel WILLIAMS was born on the 2 January 1863 in Penfield, Greene County, Georgia to slaves Willis and Lucretia Williams. and died 21 March 1931. 7. Jenny Celeste PARKS was born about April 1873 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia and died of a heart attack on 18 May 1941 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia. Adam Daniel WILLIAMS and Jenny Celeste PARKS were married on 29 October 1899 in Fulton County, Georgia, and had the following children: 3. i. Alberta Christine WILLIAMS

Cheating in Education Today

Cheating in Education Today On the last day of the term, I needed to grade a set of papers while my class was taking the same test in order to distribute exam waivers by the end of the day. Suspecting that students coming to my desk might accidentally see answers on the key for the one multiple choice page, I coded the answers on my answer key the multiple choice responses so that I AB, BC and so on and proceeded to grade papers. My suspicions were correct: Of the fifteen or so students in the room, six came to my desk once or twice, returning to his seat with a smug smile. I felt a twinge of guilt as I watched them quickly scribbling answers, considering the situation had a flavor of entrapment, but decided these students might learn an unexpected lesson. The slickness of their moves was dismaying, but I felt worse seeing which students were cheating only those I had held in highest regard. When all papers finally were in, I said I had bad news for all those people who had cheated. Innocent cries of Who cheated, ensued, loudest from those who had. But they ceased when I said the cheaters had reproduced a perfect pattern of wrong answers. I had believed cheating in my classes was tightly controlled. I rarely gave credit for rechecked answers, I kept assignments until students can no longer get credit for turning in copied work, and I rarely gave multiple choice tests. Nevertheless, during final exam week I found a little crib sheet stuck on a shelf and another lying on the floor. Perhaps more telling, a few students who rarely complete their work left the room once they realized cheating on the essay exam would be impossible. Apparently, their experience had given them confidence that they can get away with cheating. I wondered if this confidence made studying seem a waste of time. A Nationwide Problem Survey results about the prevalence of cheating in high school taken by Whos Who Among American High School Students in 1993 revealed that an alarming 89% of high school students thought cheating was common and 78% had cheated.It seems logical to assume that successful cheating in high school inspires cheating at the college level, for surveys taken in 1990 indicate as many as 45% college students cheated in one or two courses and 33%, in eight or more courses. The problem, however, is not just with the students themselves, in a recent U.S. News Poll 20% of adults felt there was nothing wrong with parents completing their childs homework. Resources That Help Detect Cheating and Plagiarism While, discouragingly, there are many internet sites that give examples of slick cheating techniques and sell pre-written term papers, there are many other online resources to help teachers catch cheaters. One of the best is Grammerly, which has a plagiarism checker as well as providing strong grammar checking tools.

Statistics1 Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics1 - Statistics Project Example The calculated measure for sample is called as statistic whereas the same measure for the population is known as parameter. Sampling error is the error that occurs when the sample is not a representative of the population. This arises out of incorrect sampling method being used to describe the population. The error means that the statistic for the sample will be different from the parameter for the population An experiment is a scientific research method in which the researcher controls one or more variables and measures the changes in other variables. Experimental research is generally used when there is high degree of correlation between the variables. Dr. Jones has conducted an experimental study. Dr. Jones has controlled the variable quality of breakfast by dividing the sample into two groups and administering different quality of breakfast to each. Academic performance is the dependent variable which is studied for both the groups. Nominal v/s Ordinal: While nominal scale is the representation of a descriptive category of the variable, the ordinal scale is the representation of the also contains the magnitude of the order of the value on the scale. For example, while gender that can only have male or female as the value is a nominal scale, the position of a horse in a race is the example of the ordinal scale Ordinal v/s Interval: Apart from the ranking in an ordinal scale, the interval scale also the magnitude of the difference between two values in the series. For example temperature on days is an interval variable because we can also measure the magnitude of the difference between the temperatures on two days. Interval v/s ratio: Apart from the measurement of magnitude, the ratio scale also contains the absolute zero value for a variable below which no value can exist. Example of such a variable will be

Hospitality Retail Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hospitality Retail Management - Assignment Example hat there is a vast number of players involved, each with his or her own role to play, blending in the ultimate picture with the host’s averment of caring for and entertaining guests. It becomes necessary, therefore, to go down a level or two and appraise the role of a retail manager, who, as we shall see later, is very much in the forefront of the situational management arena. Thereafter, an elite restaurant will be assessed with respect to its history and current status. The aim of this Case Study is to evaluate the roles and responsibilities of retail managers in the Food and Beverages category at both ends of the cost scale and appraise a renowned restaurant in relation to its historical and current perspective in a retail environment, the public sector. Having introduced the hospitality industry and stipulated the aim, this Paper will look at the industry in greater detail, compare the role and responsibilities of retail managers in the Food and Beverages category of a high end hotel, the Park Plaza Victoria London and the low cost ‘The hospitality industry is divided into two categories, the commercial and the non-commercial categories (online: bhtafe.edu.au). The commercial category includes establishments that operate for profit, whereas the non-commercial category comprises establishments that operate on a not for profit basis. With the advent of government privatisation policies, commercial caterers are now replacing many of the non-commercial food operators. Thus, there is less of a distinction between non-profit organisations and profit making enterprises nowadays. Examples of the commercial category include: As stated, the hospitality industry offers a variety of services within several distinct sectors. ‘The quality of service on offer to guests depends on the price being charged. For example, in the food and beverage area, eating in a three- star rated restaurant will be far more expensive than eating in a one star-rated restaurant. This

Laws of England and Wales Essay Example for Free

Laws of England and Wales Essay The defendant who seeks to avoid criminal liability on the basis that s/he was suffering from a mental disorder at the time of the alleged crime must have a defence that falls within one of the following, legally recognised, categories: Insanity, Diminished Responsibility or Automatism. While, at one level or another, these mental disorder defences share common characteristics, they each differ significantly. Unfortunately, this point does not appear to be fully appreciated in English Law. Discuss the validity of this statement. Inherent in our legal system is an idea of culpability. The word itself embodies notions of moral responsibility and blame. There are two elements that will allow us to determine whether or not someone is to be considered culpable. The first is that the person on whom we wish to apportion blame is an actual agent of harm as opposed to a mere causer. That is to say that they are instrumental in an action and are not simply a victim of a spasm or similar associated condition. The second is that he/she has the capacity to understand the laws and moral order that exist within society. Harts principles of justice assert that a moral license to punish is needed by society and unless a man has the capacity and fair opportunity or chance to adjust his behaviour to the law, its penalties ought not be applied to him. Such deep-rooted notions of culpability have necessitated development in the area of defences to ensure that those who fall outside of the legally recognised parameters of accountability are afforded protection. Amongst such defences are Insanity, Automatism and Diminished responsibility. This essay will identify the similarities and differences of these defences by exploring their theoretical foundations and determine whether, in practice, they are sufficiently understood by the courts to achieve their desired end. The theoretical basis for an insanity defence is embedded in the notions of fair opportunity as discussed above. It is felt that the insane man is too far removed from normality to make us angry with him. The impetus of the law and its functions might well be considered outside of his comprehension and similarly, so too might the moral implications of his act. Therefore, it would not be either efficacious or equitable to hold such a man criminally  responsible . As Duff remarks of the potential insane defendant if she cannot understand what is being done to her, or why it is being done, or how it is related as a punishment to her past offence, her punishment becomes a travesty?. Therefore, if a defence of insanity is successful the defendant will be given a special verdict namely not guilty by reason of insanity. Although this special verdict may bring indefinite detention (a fact which is reconciled in theory by compelling considerations of public interest ) it still serves to ref lect a lack of culpability and therefore, blame. The basis on which the non-insane automatism defence is founded is somewhat more fundamental than that of insanity. It was developed to exculpate those who had been the victim of events rather than those who had fallen foul to circumstance . A plea of automatism is not merely a denial of fault, or of responsibility. It is more a denial of authorship in the sense that the automaton is in no way instrumental in any criminal act. Lord Dilhorne remarked in Alphacell that an inadvertent and unintended act without negligence? might be said, not caused. Others have described such acts as acts of god. It is with this class of act that the defence of automatism is concerned acts which might be said seen as inconsistent with the requirement of an actus reus . This lack-of-instrumentality concept is reflected by the fact that on a finding of automatism a defendant will be granted an unqualified acquittal by the courts. Detention is unnecessary for as well being blameless, the automaton present s no future threat to society. Whilst Insanity and Automatism serve as general defences in law, Diminished responsibility operates only as a defence to murder. It offers those bordering on insanity the opportunity to argue that at the time of the killing they were suffering from such abnormality of mind so as to substantially impair their mental responsibility. If such an argument is successful (all other things being equal) the potential murderer will be convicted of manslaughter and hence will escape the mandatory life sentence that a finding of murder brings. The defences existence is justified (much like insanity) by notions of responsibility and blame. The doctrine, it was felt, was needed to reflect the view that where there was less responsibility there ought to be less punishment. Despite some clear differences in the three defences theoretical foundations and intentions, it could be said that technically they have become somewhat confused in law. Discussion will now turn to the two automatism defences before then going on to examine diminished responsibility in context. Whilst both automatism defences are grounded in the idea that where there is no responsibility there should be no blame, policy reasons have necessitated their independent development. Because of this, the person who seeks to raise automatism as a defence is subject to a very tight definitional distinction. This tight definitional distinction between automatism and insanity is highlighted by Glanville Williams when he describes non-insane automatism as any abnormal state of consciousness.while not amounting to insanity. Such statements offer little definitional worth, as to understand automatism we must first understand insanity and this, as will become clear, is no easy task. The contemporary framework of the insanity defence can be found in MNaghtens Case where Lord Tindal authoritatively ruled that?: ?to establish a defence on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong. Subsequent development of a non-insane automatism defence, for reasons discussed above, necessitated judicious refinement of these insanity parameters to insure that those who sought to invoke the former were deserving . Therefore, considerable onus was placed upon the meaning of the rules, especially the phrase disease of the mind. First, it was decided that mind referred to the mental faculties of reason, memory and understanding and not simply the organic mass that is the brain. Then, in Sullivan, (the defendant was charged with assault which, he  claimed, was the result of the post-ictal stage of an epileptic seizure) the definition expanded to catch transient and intermittent impairment of the mind. It was held that the permanence of a disease cannot on any rational ground be relevant to the application by the courts of the MNaghten rules. This finding ran contrary to contemporary medical definitions and began to impinge upon the design of the non-insane automatism defence: that being to catch one-off, faultless incidents of automatism. Perhaps more significantly, Sullivan continued to develop Quick on what is now thought to be the defining boundary between the two defences, that of internal and external causes. This distinction was cemented in Burgess where Lord Lane explicitly referred to the difference between internal and external causes as the point on which the case depends, as others have depended in the past The defendant in Burgess was a sleepwalker who assaulted a friend whilst in a somnambulistic state. It was held that somnambulism was a disease of the mind under the MNaghten rules largely because it was considered a pathological (and therefore, internal) condition by expert witnesses in cross-examination. While, to some, this internal/external distinction makes good sense, to others its effect is wholly inappropriate, as it fudges the boundaries between the theoretical rationales of insane and non-insane automatism. Irene Mackay, for example (as well as pointing to contradictory obiter ) attacks the distinction with reference to its effect. She contends that sleep can hardly be called an illness, disorder or abnormal condition. It is a perfectly normal condition. Of interest here, Graham Virgo points to anecdotal evidence that cheese might cause sleepwalking. If such evidence could be substantiated, the somnambulist could potentially escape a special verdict by virtue of the fact that eating cheese would be considered an external cause. Such a consideration is far from easily reconcilable with the aforementioned notions of blame and responsibility as expounded by Harts principles of justice. Mackay continues to attack Burgess on a second defining point. She contends that the court failed to properly adopt the definition of disease of the  mind as put forward by Lord Denning in Bratty namely that it is any mental disorder which has manifested itself in violence and is prone to recur. Considering statistical evidence showing that no one had ever appeared before a court twice charged with somnambulistic violence, Mackay remarks something which is prone to recur must be at least inclined to recur or have a tendency to recur or be to some extent likely to recur. Despite such protestations, current medical opinion is that sleepwalking is caused by internal factors and may be likely to recur . Therefore it is suitable for MNaghten insanity as defined. The result of these calculated distinctions between the two defences is that epileptics, sleepwalkers, those suffering from arteriosclerosis and diabetics during a hyperglycaemic episode, may all now be regarded as insane. This is surely an unacceptable position. After all, such people appear to fit far more comfortably within the (theoretical) realms of automatism than insanity. They are rational people, capable of recognising rule following situations, who are (largely) the victims of one off incidents of involuntariness. If we are to label a diabetic insane because they neglected to take their medication, are we to do the same with one who gets a migraine from omitting to take aspirin? The difference of cause is the resultant harm and the need for the courts to protect society. Incidentally, close scrutiny of the MNaghten rules leads us to conclude that where a defendants inability to recognise he was doing something wrong was due to something other than a defect of reason caused by a disease of the mind he would generally have no defence at all. Things do not get any clearer when the defence of Diminished Responsibility is brought into the frame. The statutory provision for the defence is found in Section 2(1) of the Homicide Act 1957 and provides that a person shall not be convicted of murder: If he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mental  responsibility for his acts or omissions in doing or being a party to the killing. The problems begin with semantics and normative questions of degree: what qualifies as abnormality of mind, how much is substantially and what is mental responsibility? Even debates on the questions have offered little assistance. For example, the Government, in an attempt to explain the key term, said that abnormality of mind referred to conditions bordering on insanity while excluding the mere outburst of rage or jealousy. Such an explanation is obviously of little worth considering that the response of judges and psychiatrists?[to the section]? have ranged from the very generous to the very strict. In fact the courts it seems, have entertained practically any ground where it was thought morally inappropriate to convict the defendant of murder. For example, psychopaths, reactive depressives , alcoholics and those in disassociated states or suffering from irresistible impulses have all been brought within the protective scope of the section. Lord Parker in Byrne, also attempting to clarify the sections ambit, said that it dealt with partial insanity or being on the border line of insanity. He went on to add that Inability to exercise will-power to control physical acts? is? sufficient to entitle the accused to the benefit of this section; difficulty in controlling his acts? may be. Confusions are evident here for, as Smith and Hogan note: A man whose impulse is irresistible bears no moral responsibility for his act, for he has no choice; a man whose impulse is much more difficult to resist than that of an ordinary man bears a diminished degree of moral responsibility for his act It would appear then, that the former should be acquitted as insane rather than have his punishment mitigated. However, if the inability to control his acts is not caused by a defect of reason or disease of the mind then the defendant has no defence in insanity. In this respect therefore, the defence of diminished responsibility appears to be patching up the deficiencies of MNaghten; acting as a device for circumventing the embarrassments that flow from a mandatory sentence, or the stigma attached to a finding of insanity, by allowing judges to follow in a common sense way their sense of  fairness. Greiw, writing in 1988 comments on the section. He suggests that the section is not to be seen as a definitional aid rather it is to be seen as legitimising an expression of the decision-makers personal sense of the proper boundaries between murder and manslaughter. The result of the lax and open wording has allowed the defence of diminished responsibility to be used almost as a catch-all excuse, spanning, and adding to, the defences of insane and non-insane automatism. It has been able to accommodate states of mind and circumstance that would be insufficient for either automatism or insanity whilst at the same time justifying this accommodation by virtue of the increased severity of a murder charge. To some this position is considered entirely unacceptable and contrary to the theories of blame and responsibility discussed hereto. Sparks for example, comments to say that we are less willing to blame?a man if he does something wrong, surely does not mean: we are willing to blame him less, if he does something wrong. It would seem however, that due to the inadequacies of MNaghten and the acceptance that some states of mind falling short of insanity should be considered mitigatory, the courts had little choice but to develop the defence of diminished responsibility in this way. From the issues discussed in this essay it is clear that whilst, in theory, the three defences of Insanity, Automatism and Diminished Responsibility, do indeed exhibit differences, in practice they have become somewhat amalgamated. This is probably due to two factors: First, it must be accepted that there is no sharp dividing line between sanity and insanity, but that the two extremes? shade into one another by imperceptible gradations. This proposition leads us to conclude that first, the problem is one of definition. Second, the courts are aware that pleading a blackout is one of the first refuges of a guilty conscience and is a popular excuse. Therefore, they have tended to view the problem of involuntariness with great circumspection and have adopted a restrictive approach as to when there should be a complete exemption from liability. In order to balance this definitional problem with the requirement of  certainty, whilst ensuring that only the deserving are completely acquitted, the law has had no alternative but to define distinct parameters. It is these parameters which have both caused the fudging of the two automatism defences and necessitated the creation of a diminished responsibility defence. Whilst, in some respects, this amalgamation is unacceptable, its effect has been to provide blanket coverage for those defendants suffering from either a mental disorder, disassociated condition or episode of sudden involuntariness. Far from saying that the law has failed to fully appreciate the differences it appears that the courts, due to restrictions, have simply created ad hoc a range of defences whose purpose is to reflect, on a continuum, impeachable notions of culpability. Bibliography. Books 1. Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law (2nd ed., Oxford, 1995) 2. Clarkson. C.M.V. Keating. H.M. Criminal Law. Text and Materials. (4th ed., 1998, Sweet Maxwell) 3. Hart. H.L.A., Punishment and Responsibility, (1968, Oxford) 4. Smith , J.C. B. Hogan., Criminal Law (6th Edition, 1988, London, Butterworths.) 5. Williams. G., Textbook of Criminal Law (2nd ed., Stevens Sons. 1983) Articles Dell, Diminished Responsibility Reconsidered. [1982] Crim.L.R. 809 Duff. R.A., Trial and Punishments J.L.S.S. 1986, 31(11), 433 Goldstein. A., The insanity Defense (1967) Griew. E., The future of Diminished Responsibility. Crim. L.R. 1988, Feb, 75-87 Laurie. G.T., Automatism and Insanity in the Laws of England and Scotland. Jur. Rev. 1995, 3, 253-265 Mackay. I., The Sleepwalker is Not Insane. M.L.R. 1992, 55(5), 714-720 Padfield. N.,Exploring a quagmire: insanity and automatism. C.L.J. 1989, 48(3), 354-357 Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, Cmnd. 8932 (1949-1953) Smith. J.C., Case and Comment. R. v. Hennessy. (1989) 86(9) L.S.G. 41; (1989) 133 S.J. 263 (CA) Smith. K.J.M. Wilson. W., Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility: Reworking Harts Theory of Excuses ? The English Judicial Response. O.J.L.S. 1993, 13(1), 69-98 Sparks. Diminished Responsibility in theory and Practice (1964) 27 M.L.R 9 Virgo. G., Sanitising Insanity ? Sleepwalking and Statutory Reform C.L.J. 1991, 50(3), 386-388 Cases 1. Alphacell [1972] 2 All ER 475 2. Burgess [1991] 2 W.L.R. 106 C.O.A. (Criminal Division) 3. Byrne [1960] 3 All ER 1 4. Cooper v. McKenna [1960] Q.L.R 406 5. Hennessy (1989) 89 Cr.App.R 10, CA 6. Kemp [1956] 3 All ER 249; [1957] 1 Q.B.399 7. MNaghtens Case (1843) 10 C F, 200, 8 Eng. Rep. 718. 8. Quick and Paddison [1973] Q.B. 910 9. Seers [1985] Crim.L.R, 315 10. Sullivan [1984] A.C. 156 (House of Lords) 11. Tandy [1988] Crim.L.R 308 12. Tolson (1889) Legislation 1. Homicide Act. 1957. 2. Trial of Lunatics Act 1883

When Small Worlds Collide :: essays research papers

When Small Worlds Collide The Industrial Revolution provided well-defined boundaries between communities, companies, nation-states, markets, and peoples established by the invention of the railroad. The new era of globalization or Informational Revolution breaks down all of these boundaries and shapes our lives by integrating technology, finance, and information into a single global market. E-Commerce globalization has created a system that is shaped by superpowers, supermarkets, and super-empowered individuals. This new Globalization is a highly complex and interconnected international system of small worlds uniting knowledge ultimately leading to the end cultural wars and ways. The Lexus is what each one and country wants, but what is the price? Cultural Genes Biologists generally agree that the primary force behind evolution in humans is natural selection. With each generation the chromosomes and genes of the parents are scrambled to produce new mixes . The genetic evolution is parallel to the cultural evolution. They are linked and the mind is that linkage. However, there is a boundary between knowledge for the mind and culture. This is not a territorial line, but a broad, unexplored terrain awaiting entry from both sides. Technology is the tool that enters this terrain. Thus, the communal mind created by culture, which is a product of the genetically structured human brain, can now be exposed to all cultures, societies, and ideas. Some of them are Lexus while others are Olive Trees. Everyone can have the same Lexus; however there is only one unique Olive Tree. Identity Crisis â€Å"Few things are more enraging to people than to have their identity or their sense of home stripped away. †¦ Because without a sense of home and belonging life becomes barren and rootless. And life as a tumbleweed is no life at all. Olive trees...represent everything that root us, anchors us, identifies us and locates us in this world†¦.† states Thomas L. Freidman. The underlying message here is fear. Our fear of the unknown, our fear that home will no long be, and our fear of not surviving. The Cold War spawned treaties to protect our Olive Tree from fear of our enemies. Now, the deal becomes the protection from our competitors. But the biggest fear is not from another olive tree, nor the Lexus. It is from the standardizing market forces and technologies of today, which tend to break down communities, steam-roll environments and crowd out traditions. This leads us to a loss of identity which in turn can create a crisis.

Researching And Managing A Variety Of Resources Essay

Introduction Throughout this task I will be researching and managing a variety of resources. The three main types are human, physical and financial resources. In this section of my coursework I will explain where I will find these resources and how they will be managed to create a profitable and successful business. Human resources include my staff and their needs. Physical resources include location, fixtures and fittings, raw materials and equipment. Financial resources include profit, sources of money and liquidity. Human Resources Businesses employ people, these are known as human resources. In a small business, the owner may be the only human resource. In larger businesses where many people work, everyone has a specific job relating to their qualifications such as manual workers or administration staff. If a business wants to succeed it is vital for them to have an organised human resource manager. Human resource is vital in forecasting how many employees they need and what qualifications they should have. A big business which is growing will need to find out how many new employees they need and how they will recruit them over the following year. The human resources are a part of the human resources management and is mostly the responsibility for the personnel or human resources department. Legislation has laid down laws to protect people in the workplace. These include: * Health and safety * Employment protection for example, dismissal, leave of absence and redundancy. * Training * Wage Protection * Recruitment These laws that have been put in place are to ensure that a business makes the right decisions and protects its employees correctly. If employees are happy within the workplace they are more likely to achieve goals. Health and Safety For 100 years now health and safety laws have been around which are updated every now and then as work conditions change. The Health and Safety Act 1974 is aimed to raise the standard for all the employees and to protect those whose safety could be at risk outside the business. Businesses need to make sure they have a safe and healthy environment. This can include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing and maintain safety equipment and clothing. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Maintaining workplace temperatures. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring adequate work space. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring adequate washing and toilet facilities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Guaranteeing hygienic and safe conditions à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing breaks in the work time table. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing protection for the use of hazardous substances. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing protection from violence, threats or bullying. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing a relatively stress free environment. Employers of a business are required to write a written statement of the policy on health and safety in the workplace. Management is responsible for carrying out the policy. This policy puts a duty on the employees so they take care of their safety and others whilst at work as they are legally obliged to comply with the rules drawn. If the employees of the business do not follow these rules they can be fined or even worst, taken to court. Not only do employees have to follow these rules but they are required to have training to ensure the health and safety of employees at work. At any time The Health and Safety Inspectors (HSE) have the right to carry out investigations in the workplace to make sure the health and safety is correct and up to their standard. The HSE have power to issue codes and protect people in various situations. For example: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The control of pollution at the workplace. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Control of substances that are hazardous to health à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The protection of individuals against radiation. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Time off for safety representations and training. For my business I will have to make sure I follow the Health and Safety Act 1974. I will not be employing anyone so I will not have to worry about training them but I will have to make sure that my partner and I have the training required. The premises will have to be kept clean to make sure it meets the requirements also to make sure it is kept at the right temperature. UK Regulation When new work situations arose, regulations were introduced to deal with them. The most important regulation is the Working Time Directive 1998. It was introduced as there was concern with long working hours and employee rights. Such as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 20 minutes break after 6 hours work. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4 weeks annual paid leave a year. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 11 consecutive hours rest in any 14 hour working period. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ A maximum working week 48 hours a week. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ An average 6 hours work in any 24 hours for nightshift workers. These regulations were amended in 2003 so that it could exclude people that worked in road, sea or rail transport. Also an employee is allowed to work longer than 48 hours a week if they agree with their employer. Because I will own the business with my partner I will not need to abide by these regulations as I am not employing anyone else. But in case my business expanded and I did need to recruit I would have to take these regulations into perspective to make sure I do not break the law. Training A new way to settle employees into their new job is to use induction training. They will not only be learning how to do their job but they will learn how the business works. For example: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Personnel policies. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Employee benefits and services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The organisation and management activity. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ History development. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Terms of employment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ General information that has to be done. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Physical facilities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The role of a supervisor. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Safety measures and department rules. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Detailed description of the employee’s job. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The values that a business feels are important such as good attendance. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Follow up after several weeks. The aims of training What training tries to achieve is training employees to learn new skills or improve old ones. It has been proven that a well trained workforce has benefits for a business: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Well trained workers are more than likely to be more protective. This helps a business fulfil its overall objectives like increasing profits. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It will help create a more flexible workforce. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It helps the introduction of new technology. This means that new machinery or productions processes could be introduced. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It could lead to increased job satisfaction. If the workers are well motivated employees will be more productive. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Accidents should be reduced if employees are trained in health and safety. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The image of the business may be improved. Customers will trust the employees more if they are confident and have knowledge on products or processes. Good applicants will be attracted to the job if there is a training programme. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There could be more of a chance of employees being promoted. The business should qualify people in important posts. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Training may give the business an advantage over rivals as it is important in competitive markets. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Training is important if a business wants to be able to operate in international markets. The need for training Many businesses say that if it was up to them then they wouldn’t pay for training as it is too expensive and it won’t give them many benefits. If this was the case then there would be a market failure. When this happens the government tries to fix the problem either by: If this is the case there is a labour market failure. When market failure happens the government usually attempts to solve the problem by either: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing incentives for individuals or to encourage businesses to encourage employees to train. Or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing government training courses. The government sets training, education or learning targets in the UK. There is a major problem in the UK with supply of labour skills shortages among workers. This is when there are a great number of vacancies because people do not have the skills, abilities, qualifications or experience needed to do the jobs which the employers are requiring. Methods of training There is a variety of different methods used when it comes to training an employee. Some types are on the job, others are away from the workplace. Sometimes it is a combination of both. On-the-job training is the traditional way of doing it as an experienced worker can show the new employee what to do so they do it the right way and also this way they will not need to hire a specialist from outside the business to train the new employee, this will save the business money. -Coaching: A coach will guide the trainee through a process or use of equipment in the same way a footballer is trained. -Mentoring: In this case the trainee is paired with the most experienced worker. The trainee will carry out the job but will discuss problems with tutor to help solve them. -Job rotation: This is when an employee works in different departments for short periods in order to pick up skills from each. This is so whenever the employee is promoted and reaches the top of the business they have a range of experiences. -In-house courses: A business may put on courses for their employees. Personnel departments may run courses for marketing and finance managers within the business. This could be to help them improve staff motivation. Some businesses even have their own training facility. -Self-awareness training: This is when the trainee completes self-assessment questionnaires, the questions may be about personal values and individual styles of learning, personality and how the individual interacts with others. The trainee will then receive feedback from the person who is carrying out the questionnaire. -Traditional and modern apprenticeships: Businesses in the past have took on trainee workers. They would have done an apprenticeship over a period of time. When they qualified they would have become employees of the business. Some of these schemes do not operate today. -Graduate Training: Business may run graduate training. These are for graduates with a degree and qualifications and are mostly used to train employees to become senior or management positions. -Vocational courses: There are a number of organizations that provide vocational training. This is when trainees work towards a vocational qualification. This is also known as hands on job. -E-learning: This is when trainees make use of multimedia to learn. It takes a number of forms. A business may use software to teach all its employees how to use Microsoft word for an example. Trainees can also learn by using materials. If ever my partner and I have to recruit we will use on-the-job training as it is cheap and easy. They will be provided with the knowledge to operate all the machines efficiently. I will ensure that all my employees know how to: * Operate all machines. * Take temperature readings and record on a time sheet. * Clear simple faults. * Ensure that all machines are configured appropriately. * Cash up correctly * Ensure the machine are clean and hygienic * Make the milkshakes efficiently * Monitor waste, litter and use by dates. Payment Methods All employees must be rewarded for what they do as no employee is going to work for free. There is many ways in which this can be done. -Time rates: These are used when workers are rewarded because of the amount of time they spend at work. Employees can be paid wages weekly or monthly. Employees who work longer than normal should be paid overtime or even a higher pay rate. In the UK, holidays with pay are included for most British industries. -Piece rate: This is the easiest method to use. This is when employees are paid an agreed rate for every product that they produce. This is why it is also known as Payment by Result system. This is mostly used in the textile industry. The more the workers produce the more they earn. But this system can cause problems. If machinery fails or if the quality is poor employees have no basic pay to fall back on. Because of this most organizations are made up of two elements. They have a basic pay on the amount of time worked and when a target has been reached. -Commission: This makes up the total earnings of the employees. Commission is like piece rate, it is a reward for the value of work. Employees are paid a percentage of the value of each service or good that is sold. It indicates the level of business that is won rather than just the output achieved. -Fees: These are the payments for people one-off tasks. Tasks tend to be geared towards the needs of the customer instead of the standard of service or product. The amount paid will depend on the time taken to finish the task. -Fringe benefits: These are payments instead of wages or salaries. They include things like profit related bonus schemes. Fringe benefits have become more important. Some employers think providing benefits is cheaper than pay as they do not have to pay National Insurance contributions. Ongoing Management I will undertake ongoing management so that I am sure every task is undertaken efficiently. My partner and I consist of all marketing and financial skills. These skills are vital for increasing the knowledge and are the key to opening new doors to the future of my business. I also need these skills so that I can get a good understanding of the running and expanding of our business, my skills will also help me to make better decisions for my business for instance, making better use of financing and reinvesting in my business. Although once the business has expanded the business will need a book keeper as they provide financial support to small to medium sized businesses. The book keeper will keep track of all the revenue and all the costs of the business, the book keeper will also have to keep records of the entire payroll and do the accounting for all stock. The book keeper will at least have to attain NVQ Levels 2, 3 and 4 and produce performance criteria to show previous experience as a high quality book keeper will only be employed as we do not want an inexperienced book keeper as they may not keep track efficiently of all the costs. Recruitment of Employees The four most popular ways of recruiting externally are: Job centres – These are paid for by the government and are responsible for helping the unemployed find jobs or get training. They also provide a service for businesses needing to advertise a vacancy and are generally free to use. Job advertisements – Advertisements are the most common form of external recruitment. They can be found in many places (local and national newspapers, notice boards, recruitment fairs) and should include some important information relating to the job (job title, pay package, location, job description, how to apply-either by CV or application form). Where a business chooses to advertise will depend on the cost of advertising and the coverage needed (i.e. how far away people will consider applying for the job Recruitment agency – Provides employers with details of suitable candidates for a vacancy and can sometimes be referred to as ‘head-hunters’. They work for a fee and often specialize in particular employment areas e.g. nursing, financial services, teacher recruitment Personal recommendation – Often referred to as ‘word of mouth’ and can be a recommendation from a colleague at work. A full assessment of the candidate is still needed however but potentially it saves on advertising cost. Any recruitment will be undertaken by the business owners as they will be responsible for any employees within the business. As both the owners have a professional manner and excellent communication skills with the ability to spot appropriate employees that are confident with a positive attitude. Business owners will also be responsible of all the legal aspects and will have to know all the age categories for employment and pay at least the minimum wage to any employees. Every employee will have to be issued with the terms and conditions of the business that will have to be signed and returned to the business owners, which will then confirm the employee agrees with the conditions of employment. In order for quality control and quality assurance to be maintained I will ensure to provide a good standard of equipment such as blending machines, and employees are of a high standard. If we did ever need to recruit we would use job advertisements as it is cheap and effective as many people look in the newspaper and in shop windows for jobs. Minimum wage The National Minimum Wage (NMW) is a minimum amount per hour that most workers in the UK are entitled to be paid. The national minimum wage has risen around two percent in each age category. The government has extended the adult minimum wage rate to 21 year olds from October 2010. Previously the qualifying age for the National minimum wage was 22. The National Minimum Wage threshold applies to the following: * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.93 an hour for workers aged 21 and over * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.92 an hour for workers aged 18 to 20 * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.64 an hour for workers aged 16 to 17 Once my business has expanded and I feel that I can start employing new staff, it is vitally important that I acknowledge and apply the national minimum wage rates to all my employees so that I am not breaking the law. To ensure staff are kept happy we will always pay them an amount over the national minimum wage to each age category, this is because I want to gain respect and trust from my staff. I will make sure my staff receive a Christmas bonus and in times where my business is making a lot of profit I may offer them bonuses. National Insurance Business owners will also be responsible for ensuring that all of the employees hold a national insurance number otherwise we could be breaking the law. If I did end up employing staff they would have to pay into the National Insurance contribution to HMRC. NICs are calculated and deducted within an employer’s payroll system. Due to my business being small this would have to be paid on a regular basis. Physical Resources Physical resources are the resources that are available to a business. This could be the things that are needed to run the business each day for example machinery. Physical resources include machinery, equipment, premises and materials. If a business does not have premises they may not be able to establish and customers will not know about them, this is why it is important for a business to have premises. Premises are important as businesses need to sell products or run a service. If this isn’t the case then people may decide to run their business from home as it is cheaper and you don’t need to buy or rent new premises. There are drawbacks to this though as the customer may find it hard to find the house as it may be in an area that is not so familiar to them or it may cause problems within the family. I chose to locate my premises in Almancil. The rent per month is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 and the premises are in good condition. There is a customer car park, a kitchen, a bar area and toilets for both customers and staff. The reason for choosing these premises was because it is relatively cheap and in the middle of the town which is very busy. Customers will not have to park their cars on the road as there is a car park and also I could advertise my business in the town. I live close to the premises so I will have easy access to it and it is nearby the motorway. I will have to abide by some rules to keep the business safe and secure: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To be on the safe side I am going to have CCTV to do this I need to tell the information commissioner. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As my business grows I may need to hire more people. I will have cleaning materials that are highly flammable so because of these I will need a fire certificate. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Because my business is a milkshake bar and I am putting food into the milkshakes I will need a food premises registration. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I will also need a performing right society. This is a license that allows me to play music in the background I can’t play music in the background because it is copy right I can’t play someone else’s music without a license. If I don’t get a license I can always just play the radio. I also have to abide by the rules of the food industry this is also required by law: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The General Food Regulation. This is the legalisation in the UK in line of requirements of the EC regulation and to keep human health. It also helps attract customers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Food safety. I am required to keep certain foods at a certain temperature. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Food colouring regulation. It helps control and limits the/use of colouring in the food I sell. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Genetically modified novel foods. A novel food is defined as a food or food ingredient that does not have a significant history of consumption within the EU before 15 May 1997. Machinery With my loan I will purchase three blending machines at the start up of my business. The machines are a vital necessity to my business and it is my job to make sure that they are of a high quality and in full working order. My blending machines will need to be eye catching and appealing to the customers as they will be surrounded by chocolate bars, otherwise I may not make as many sales as expected and this could lead to debt because if I am not making enough money I will not be able to pay back the bank loan which will then lead to a bad credit history. I will have a fridge and freezer to keep the milk and ice cream cold. Stock It is not good to have too much stock as it can go off but in my case the chocolate bars normally last for a while so that shouldn’t be a problem but milk and ice cream can go off easily so I need to make sure it is kept in the fridge or freezer and does not go out of date. On the other hand I don’t want to have too little stock as a customer might ask for something and we may not have it and this can mean a loss in profit as the customer may go somewhere else. Throughout my research into stock I found it extremely hard to find a supplier that provides milkshake ingredients. When I found a suitable supplier I found that it was a little high in price. So I decided that I would continually research the milkshake market place to source new stock to find the most extensive range of high quality products and provide a comprehensive choice of chocolate. I am aware that a healthy balanced diet is important to help maintain a healthy body weight and reduce the risk of diseases such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. A healthy diet should include bread, potatoes, cereals, fruits and vegetables, together with moderate amounts of milk, dairy products, meat, fish and small amounts of foods containing fat and sugar. Food from the largest groups should be eaten most often and foods from the smallest group should be eaten least often. My milkshakes will mostly contain milk which is a vital ingredient that the body needs; Vitamin A. I will visit lots of different wholesalers such as Costco, Makro, Break brothers etc., to find the highest quality ingredients and also to get the best value for money. However quality is the key. Finding the best products is as important to me as it is to the customers, which is why I will always look for food whose origin is recognized worldwide for its excellence. Financial resources A business requires finance to survive. All new businesses start up differently, some find that they need help from outside such as bank loans, others start up without borrowing a penny. If a business does decide they want to borrow money they should know how much they need, what it will be used for and how they will repay it. Cash flow forecast is what the business predicts to spend and it’s not likely that it will be an exact reflection of the way the businesses financial year works out to be. It will however serve as a plan to work for the future. Breaking down the first year into a monthly financial period will help the business work out their income and outgoings will compare in each period. This lets the business know when their borrowing requirement will be at its best. The business needs to be confident that it will generate enough money to repay the lender. The forecast will also help with this. It is a tough economic climate at the minute with the credit crunch. So lenders are more reluctant to lend new businesses money. In order to get them to give businesses money they need to be sure that they will get their money back. So if a business is not clear about how much they want to borrow, how you it’s going to be paid back and if there is no security on the offer they will not hand out any money. This is why it is vital that the business has an idea of they need. A good way to do this is to have a business plan. When we first start up our business we need to know how much start up capital is needed. Start up capital is the money that my partner and I invest into the business to start it off. A loan can be taken up to pay off the start off capital or me and my partner can pay, or if the owner can only afford a certain amount then the bank will contribute and pay the rest of the money needed. The legal form of the business will determine how much capital can be invested. A public limited company can raise capital from a stock market issue of share, when it ‘floats’ as a new company, the public can buy shares. A limited company can also raise capital through a specialist ‘Venture Company’ which can purchase shares, but conditions are attached. /limited companies can also raise capital from Business Angels. This is a picturesque term used for wealthy individual who invest in the start-up and growth of businesses in return for a share and sometimes an active part in the company. Business Angels will often have already made a fortune through other business ventures and will possible run a business of their own. A loan may also be taken out for the start up costs of the business and the bank will match whatever the sole trader has put into the business. When decided which source of finance I am going to use for my business I will need to take into consideration that there are many different things I can choose from. So to choose the right Loan for my business I need to do a lot of research into what each source does. Term loans are the most common general purpose loan. They are used for working capital, expansion, refinancing, and acquisitions. You can repay them monthly over a term based on the expected lifespan of the assets you’re purchasing. This straightforward loan is most common for larger amounts. Short term loans are almost always set up for terms of one year or less, and are repaid in a lump sum at the end of the term, instead of monthly. They’re usually for smaller amounts – less than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 – and are best for seasonal inventory build up or small investments with quick returns. Equipment financing is generally easier to obtain than general lines of credit, simply because the equipment you buy serves as direct collateral for the loan. It is also less risky, in that if you are unable to make your payments, you don’t have a lien against your entire business or your personal real estate: all you lose is the equipment you bought. Depending on the size of your business, equipment financing can cover huge expenses into the millions of dollars. Bank Business Loan A Business loan is a fixed medium-term loan, typically for between 3 & 10 years, it only covers the purchase of the capital items such as machinery and initial start up stock, as well as any vehicles needed to run and provide the business. Interest is charged on any bank loan and the rate depends on UK base rate. Private Loans A member of family may provide a loan towards the capital, however this only normally occurs when a small business is owned by a sole trader, except if a sole trader has an extremely wealthy member of their family. I may need some assistance when investing my half of the capital and may borrow from a relative; this then means I will not be paying any interest and I will be able to pay back any money I can afford to when I like. Long terms of finance Share capital: This is the most important source of finance. Share sales can raise large amounts of money known as issue shared capital. The maximum amount of money stakeholders want to raise is known as authorized share capital. This is because it is not repaid by the business. When the share has been sold the buyer is entitled to dividend. Sometimes a business may need to retain profit to help with future activities. Share holders can make a capital gain by selling their share for a higher price. Shares are usually sold back to the business. Public limited shares are sold in a market called the stock exchange. Loan capital: This can come from a number of resources: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Debentures- This is a creditor of the company meaning that holders are entitled to an agreed rate but have no rights to vote. The amount that was borrowed must be repaid on a certain date. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mortgage- Limited companies can raise money from share and debentures. Small enterprises need long term funding, in order to buy premises. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Industrial loan specialist- Many organizations provide funds for business and commercial purposes. These specialists cater for businesses with difficulties in raising funds from conventional sources. Over the years there has been a growth on venture capitalists. The give funds to small and medium sized businesses that have potential but are too risky for investors. Government assistance Another form of financing for business start-ups is promoted by the UK Government, through the DTI (Department of Trade and Industry) which provides assistance to new and expanding businesses in the form of grants and loans. This assistance is known as SFI (Selective Finance for Investments in England) it is designed for business operating or planning to operate in the designated assisted areas. However there is another newer scheme called the Enterprise Capital Funds which provides share capital finance for small growth orientated businesses. Short terms of finance Bank Loan Loans require an agreement between the borrower and the bank. The borrowed amount must be repaid over a certain period of time. Usually bank loans are short or medium term. Banks aren’t keen on long term lending because of their need for security. Banks will sometimes change overdrafts into loans so that businesses are forced to repay at regular intervals. Hire Purchase This is mostly used by small businesses to purchase machinery and plants. A higher purchase agreement needs a down payment by the borrower. They agree to repay the remainder in instalment over a certain payment. If the buyer falls behind on payments the finance house can repossess the item. Finance houses are less selective than banks. Trade Credit Businesses often buy raw materials and pay for them later. They usually pay within in 30-90 days. Paying using trade credit appears to be an interest free way of raising finance. It is profitable during periods of inflation. Many companies encourage early payment by offering discounts. Leasing- This is a contract for a business that requires the use of resources such as property machinery or equipment but in return they must get regular payments. The ownership never passes to the business in this type of finance. With a finance lease the agreement is usually for three years or more and at the end the business is given the choice of buying the resource. An operating lease is a short agreement and the payments are treated as revenue expenditure. Capital is the money invested in a business made by the owners. The legal form of my business will determine how much capital can be invested. Since my business is a partnership we will have to make up our capital with a personal contribution as well as a loan from the bank. It is vital for me to show the bank that I am also making a contribution to the start up of my business otherwise the bank will not provide me with the loan that I need. I will be taking out a bank loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,000 to cover some the start up costs of my business. This is due to the fact that I need machines: to make my product, initial stock: to start up with, EPOS and money to advertise. What is a Bank Business Loan? A Business loan is a fixed medium-term loan, typically for between 3 & 10 years, it only covers the purchase of the capital items such as machinery and initial start-up stock, as well as any vehicles needed to run and provide the business. Interest is charged on any bank loan and the rate depends on UK base rate. For my business I will be taking out a Bank Business Loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,000. The loan has 4 year term paying à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250 a month. I decided on a four year loan as I did not want my business to go into a negative cash flow. As I would then not have enough money to restock and could lead to my business failing also making a less amount of repayments each month allows me to keep on track of my finances. I believe that taking out a business bank loan is the best option for me because I can pay the money back monthly instalments and to keep track of my financial resources I have created a cash flow forecast along with a table to show the money coming in and going out each month. To ensure that I am managing my resources properly at the end of each month I would analysis the table and make a summary of the situation I am in at that time (whether or not I am ‘financially healthy’). I will also be able to determine what I can do with the business in order to improve and progress it. I can do this using my cash flow forecast which has an estimated recording of my income and expenditure and can be changed at any time for instance if I realised my stock was costing me less than I thought I am able to justify it with the correct amount. It is vital for me to monitor my finance due it enabling me to make more sensible choices when investing my money back into the business.

Deadly Unna

Teaching in Action Indicators How did the teacher achieve this?Importance of Teaching Focuses classroom time on teaching and learning Links teaching to real-life situations of the learners Time Allocation Follows a consistent schedule and maintains procedures and routines Handles administrative tasks quickly and efficiently Prepares materials in advance Maintains momentum within and across lessons Limits disruption and interruptions Teacher's Expectations Sets clearly articulated high expectations for self and learners Orients the classroom experience toward improvement and growth Stresses student responsibility and accountability Teaching Plans Carefully links objectives and activities Organisms content for effective presentation Explores learner understanding by asking questions Considers learner attention span and learning style when designing lessons Develops objectives, questions & activities that reflect higher & lower level cognitive skills as appropriate for the content & the learners. Monitoring learning progress & potential HomeworkClearly explains homework Relates homework to the content under study and to learner capacity Monitoring Learner Progress Targets questions to lesson objectives Thinks through likely misconceptions that may occur during teaching and monitors learners for these misconceptions Gives clear, specific and timely feedback Re-teaches learners who did not achieve mastery and offers tutoring to learners who seek additional help Responding to Learner Needs & Abilities Suits teaching to learner's achievement levels and needs Participates in staff development Uses a variety of grouping strategies Monitors and assesses learner progress Knows and understands learners as individuals in terms of ability, achievement, learning styles and needs Observing Lesson Content Focusing activity: Lesson sequence: Logical progression: Flow between lesson parts: Culminating activity: Objectives met? Evaluation of learning: Other: Personal – Enth usiasm – Initiative – Teacher presence – Relationship with class – General comments: Deadly Unna Novel Study – Deadly Unna? TASK: Choose a main character from the film and predict what you think happened to them after the film. During the book and the movie, Pickles Mickles has been a snarky child with behavioral problems. He has obviously had a rough time at home and has strong racist views, constantly referring to the Aboriginals as ‘boongs’, ‘abos’, ‘nungas’. He is an underage drinker and smoker, even taking up drugs, and is portrayed as though he would not get very far in life. I personally believe that this is certainly the case.In my head, I picture Pickles dropping out of high school and robbing local stores. He would be a sleaze, getting around with any girl that would take him yet be afraid of commitment. During his teens, I see him spiraling further down into a pit of despair; trying to forget about his home life, barely talking to his mother, sneaking out, getting into fights. He never seemed to be the kind of person to ge nuinely care about anybody or anything except himself and his own beliefs. I think he is a very selfish, nasty person. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead†He would have many fake friends – all trying to stay close to him so that he wouldn’t fight them. Once Pickles hit his early twenties, I picture him hitchhiking through Australia to get to Sydney, trying to make it big as an electric guitarist. He wouldn’t get anywhere of course, and end up on the streets trying to sell drugs to earn money. He is uneducated so it’s impossible for him to get a job somewhere decent and earn any money to live. Pickles would get sick, probably by some kind of sexually transmitted infection, or maybe he’d end up getting it by sharing needles.I think he is the type of person to have a high addiction to lethal drugs like heroin, crystal meth, cocaine, ecstasy. And of course marijuana, as the movie already shows us. By the time Pickles hits thirty he will still be living on the streets of Sydney, rummaging through restaurant trash cans and industrial bins for food scraps to live off. At this point, he would be going half mad demanding for money off pedestrians on the streets, struggling to keep his addictions under control, not being able to pay for his ‘booze’. Maybe it’s a little exaggerated, but it could happen.The rest of his life could play out two ways. Either one, he decides to pick up his act and get a job, go to university, get a degree†¦ Or he continues to be a homeless wreck spinning uncontrollably into madness, either getting into trouble with police and getting put in jail or dying alone; perhaps alcohol poisoning, overdose, or a shooting or stabbing, or being hit by a car and getting critical injuries. It sounds horrible, sure, but that’s how I’ve envisioned Pickles’ life playing out since watching the film of Deadly Unna. He is a crude person who, with his attitude, will not get far at all.

Hemophilia in the Royal Family essays

Hemophilia in the Royal Family essays Hemophilia is a genetic disorder passed from one generation to the next through the X (female) chromosome. It is a disease in which the blood does not clot normally, due to abnormalities in some blood proteins that cause clotting. People with hemophilia (hemophiliacs) have blood that clots very slowly. They are in constant danger of bleeding to death, even if they have a minor injury. Surgery or even dental work can also be very risky. Although women transmit the disease, only men can exhibit it. Women who carry hemophilia (carriers) have the gene on one of their X chromosomes. Since the gene is recessive, they do not have the disorder. But if a male has the bad gene, then he will be a hemophiliac because there is no matching gene on his Y chromosome to be dominant to it. Females must have the gene on both X chromosomes to have hemophilia. In the past, most hemophiliacs died young, but today, they can be treated with blood transfusions. The following is a chart of the hemop hilia trait in one family over two generations. Hemophilia is often called the disease of kings because it was carried by many members of Europes royal family. Queen Victoria of England was a carrier of hemophilia and passed the disease to many of her descendants including the Russian emperors family and the Spanish royal family). Victoria bore nine children. The first two, Victoria and Edward, were perfectly healthy. The third, Alice, and the ninth, Beatrice, were carriers of the hemophilia gene. The eighth, Leopold, was a hemophiliac. He married the German princess Helen of Waldeck, but they had just two years of happiness. Gambling in Cannes, Leopold fell, hit his head, and died of a brain hemorrhage at the age of 31. Victorias youngest daughter, Beatrice, passed the hemophilia gene on to her daughter, Victoria-Eugenie, who married King Alfonso XIII of Spain. Of the four sons she bore him, two, Alfonso, who later became King, a...

Trumpet Fish Facts

Trumpet Fish Facts Trumpet fish are part of class Actinopterygii, which consists of ray-finned fish, and can be found in coral reefs throughout the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. There are three species of trumpet fish under the scientific name Aulostomus: the West Atlantic trumpetfish (A. maculatus), the Atlantic trumpetfish (A. strigosus), and the Chinese trumpetfish (A. chinensis). Their name is derived from the Greek words flute (aulos) and mouth (stoma) for their long mouths. Fast Facts Scientific Name: AulostomusCommon Names: Trumpetfish, Caribbean trumpetfish, stickfishOrder: SyngnathiformesBasic Animal Group: FishDistinguishing Characteristics: Long, slender bodies with a small mouth, varied colors.Size: 24-39 inchesWeight: UnknownLife Span: UnknownDiet: Small fish and crustaceansHabitat: Coral reefs and rocky reefs throughout the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.Population: UnknownConservation Status: Least ConcernFun Fact: Male trumpet fish carry fertilized eggs with them until they hatch. Description Trumpet fish have elongated bodies and snouts leading into a small jaw. The lower jaw has small teeth, and their chin has a short barbel for defense. They also have a row of spines on their backs that can be raised to ward off predators, and their body is covered with small scales. Trumpet fish can grow anywhere from 24 to 39 inches depending on the species, with A. chinesis reaching up to 36 inches, A. maculatus averaging 24 inches, and A. strigosus reaching up to 30 inches. Their coloration helps them blend in with their environment, and they can even change their colors for stealth and during their mating ritual. Habitat and Distribution Trumpetfish in Chichiriviche de la Costa,Venezuela,Caribbean Sea. Humberto Ramirez/Moment/Getty Images A. maculatus are found in the Caribbean sea and off the northern coasts of South America, A. chinensis are found throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans, and A. strigosus are found in the Atlantic ocean off the coast of Africa and parts of South America. They live in coral reefs and reef flats in the tropical and subtropical waters in these areas. Diet and Behavior A trumpet fish’s diet consists of small fish and crustaceans, as well as occasionally larger fish. For larger prey, trumpet fish swim near large herbivorous fish to hide and ambush their prey. To catch smaller food, they float in a vertical, head-down position among corals to conceal themselves- a technique that also hides them from predators- and wait for their prey to come across their path. They capture them by suddenly expanding their mouth, which generates a suction strong enough to draw in their prey. Additionally, they can also consume fish larger than the diameter of their mouths due to the elasticity of their tissue. Reproduction and Offspring Not much is known about trumpet fish reproduction, but trumpet fish begin courtship via a dancing ritual. Males use their color changing abilities and dance to win over females. This ritual occurs close to the surface. After the ritual, females transfer their eggs to the males to fertilize and care for until they hatch. Like seahorses, the males care for the eggs, carrying them in a special pouch. Species Trumpetfish. Daniela Dirscherl/WaterFrame/Getty Images Plus There are three species of Aulostomus: A. maculatus, A. chinensis, and A. strigosus. The coloration of these fish changes depending on the species. A. maculatus are most commonly reddish-brown but also can be grey-blue and yellow-green with black spots. A. chinensis can be yellow, reddish-brown, or brown with pale bands. The most common colors for A. strigosus are brown or blue, green or orange tones, or intermediate shades. They also have a pattern of pale, vertical/horizontal lines across their body. A. chinensis are seen in shallow reef flats of at least 370 feet. They can be seen swimming close to coral or rocky sea floors or floating motionless under ledges. A. strigosus are a more coastal species and are found over rocky or coral substrates in inshore waters. A. maculatus range in depth from 7-82 feet and are found close to coral reefs. Conservation Status All three species of Aulostomus are currently designated as least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, the A. maculatus population has been found to be decreasing, while the populations of A. chinensis and A. strigosus are currently unknown. Sources Aulostomus chinensis. IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 2019, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/ 65134886/82934000.Aulostomus maculatus. IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 2019, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16421352/16509812.Aulostomus strigosus. IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 2019, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/ 21133172/112656647.Bell, Elanor, and Amanda Vincent. Trumpetfish | Fish. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/ animal/trumpetfish.Bester, Cathleen. Aulostomus Maculatus. Florida Museum, 2019, https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/aulostomus-maculatus/. Eastern Atlantic Trumpetfish (Aulostomus Strigosus). Inaturalist, 2019, https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47241-Aulostomus-strigosus. Trumpetfish. Lamar University, 2019, https://www.lamar.edu/arts-sciences/biology/marine-critters/marine-critters-2/trumpetfish.html. Trumpetfish. WaikÄ «kÄ « Aquarium, 2019, https://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/anim al-guide/fishes/trumpetfishes/trumpetfish/.

Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Gay Marriage - Essay Example Though the country is democratic, rules and governing is determined by the majority vote which means that the principles of 76% of American people disregard the legalization of gay marriages. With the increasing divorce rate and other societal flaws gay marriage will only increase the flaws in the institute of marriage. This paper will illustrate the problems associated with gay marriage and show that it does not belong in our society. Nine states in America have recognized gay marriage as a legal binding of two individuals. In the other 41 states it is not legally and socially acceptable. Firstly, gay marriage is not a natural process. If same sex marriages were to prevail and out number marriages between opposite sexes, there would a huge decrease in the population. Hypothetically, this would result in the annihilation of the human race which further solidifies the fact that gay marriage is not a natural process. Two females or males are unable to biologically reproduce, which raises questions on the purpose of the subject matter. There is a misconception that individuals who oppose gay marriage are homophobic and perpetrators of hate. However, there are substantial reasons behind this opinion. Gay activists associate legalization of gay marriage with equal rights. In our society equal rights do not exist in this perspective. Some states have laws prohibiting the marriage of close relatives. There are also laws which prohibit individual from marrying minors, animals, multiple individuals and inanimate objects (Normandin, n.p). Hence, equal rights do not qualify as legitimate reason to legalize same sex marriage. Research has also shown that children brought up in families without a male figure usually engage in early sexual activity. Children living in same sex marriages are usually separated from their mother or father who can have adverse psychological effects in the future. It has also

Governments Resort to Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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